Methods and Devices for Detecting Kidney Transplant Rejection

ABSTRACT

Methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal are described. In particular, methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder using measured concentrations of a combination of three or more analytes in a test sample taken from the mammal are described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/327,389, filed Apr. 23, 2010, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/232,091, filed Aug. 7, 2009, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled Methods and Devices for Detecting Obstructive Uropathy and Associated Disorders, Computer Methods and Devices for Detecting Kidney Damage, Methods and Devices for Detecting Kidney Damage, Devices for Detecting Renal Disorders, Methods and Devices for Detecting Diabetic Nephropathy and Associated Disorders, and Methods and Devices for Detecting Glomerulonephritis and Associated Disorders, Attorney Docket Nos. 060075-, filed on the same date as this application, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention encompasses methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal. In particular, the present invention provides methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder using measured concentrations of a combination of three or more analytes in a test sample taken from the mammal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The urinary system, in particular the kidneys, perform several critical functions such as maintaining electrolyte balance and eliminating toxins from the bloodstream. In the human body, the pair of kidneys together process roughly 20% of the total cardiac output, amounting to about 1 L/min in a 70-kg adult male. Because compounds in circulation are concentrated in the kidney up to 1000-fold relative to the plasma concentration, the kidney is especially vulnerable to injury due to exposure to toxic compounds.

Severe kidney damage that results in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may be treated with a kidney transplant. ESRD is defined as a drop in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to 20-25% of normal. Common diseases leading to ESRD may include malignant hypertension, infections, diabetes mellitus, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; genetic causes include polycystic kidney disease, a number of inborn errors of metabolism, and autoimmune conditions such as lupus and Goodpasture's syndrome. Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney transplantation, accounting for approximately 25% of those in the US. Despite the success of a kidney transplant in extending the patient's life, rejection is still a significant complication to the procedure, and may result in failure of the transplant. Detecting early signs of a rejection may enable faster, more aggressive treatment, resulting in less damage to the kidney. Existing diagnostic tests such as BUN and serum creatine tests, however, typically detect only advanced stages of kidney damage. Other diagnostic tests such as kidney tissue biopsies or CAT scans have the advantage of enhanced sensitivity to earlier stages of kidney damage, but these tests are also generally costly, slow, and/or invasive.

A need exists in the art for a fast, simple, reliable, and sensitive method of detecting kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. In a clinical setting, the early detection of kidney damage would help medical practitioners to diagnose and treat kidney damage more quickly and effectively.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining a renal disorder in a mammal. In particular, the present invention provides methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining a renal disorder using measured concentrations of a combination of three or more analytes in a test sample taken from the mammal.

One aspect of the invention encompasses a method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal. The method typically comprises providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal. Then, the method comprises determining a combination of sample concentrations for three or more sample analytes in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol. The combination of sample concentrations may be compared to a data set comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the data set comprises a list comprising three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. Each minimum diagnostic concentration comprises a maximum of a range of analyte concentrations for a healthy mammal. Next, the method comprises determining a matching entry of the dataset in which all minimum diagnostic concentrations are less than the corresponding sample concentrations and identifying an indicated disorder comprising the particular disorder of the matching entry.

Another aspect of the invention encompasses a method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal. The method generally comprises providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal. Then the method comprises determining the concentrations of three or more sample analytes in a panel of biomarkers in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol. Diagnostic analytes are identified in the test sample, wherein the diagnostic analytes are the sample analytes whose concentrations are statistically different from concentrations found in a control group of humans who do not suffer from kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. The combination of diagnostic analytes is compared to a dataset comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the dataset comprises a combination of three or more diagnostic analytes reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. The particular disorder having the combination of diagnostic analytes that essentially match the combination of sample analytes is then identified.

An additional aspect of the invention encompasses a method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal. The method usually comprises providing an analyte concentration measurement device comprising three or more detection antibodies. Each detection antibody comprises an antibody coupled to an indicator, wherein the antigenic determinants of the antibodies are sample analytes associated with kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. The sample analytes are generally selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol. The method next comprises providing a test sample comprising three or more sample analytes and a bodily fluid taken from the mammal. The test sample is contacted with the detection antibodies and the detection antibodies are allowed to bind to the sample analytes. The concentrations of the sample analytes are determined by detecting the indicators of the detection antibodies bound to the sample analytes in the test sample. The concentrations of each sample analyte correspond to a corresponding minimum diagnostic concentration reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder.

Other aspects and iterations of the invention are described in more detail below.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts a sample clustering tree (dendrogram) together with set and status indicators. Below the tree the set that each sample belongs to (black encodes Set 1, red Set 2; see Examples) is shown, and the patient status (black encodes AR (acute rejection), red CAN (chronic allograft nephropathy), green TX (successful, non-rejected transplant)). The sample tree contains two large branches, one of which corresponds to the Set 1 (the large black block in the set indicator color bar), and one that corresponds to Set 2 (the large red block in the set indicator color bar). This two-branch structure points to a batch effect.

FIG. 2 depicts scatterplots of protein significance for the comparisons TX vs. AR, TX vs. CAN, AR vs. CAN (in each case, the samples belonging to the third group are ignored), and for the comparisons TX vs. all others, AR vs. all others, CAN vs. all others, in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Each dot represents a protein; protein significance is defined as biweight midcorrelation [1] of the protein level with status. The correlation and p-value, and a linear model fit line are also included.

FIG. 3 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for TX vs. AR in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in AR than TX, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with TX vs. AR status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 4 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for TX vs. CAN in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in CAN than TX, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with TX vs. CAN status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 5 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for AR vs. CAN in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in CAN than AR, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with AR vs. CAN status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 6 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for TX vs. all others in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in others than TX, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with TX vs. all others status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 7 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for AR vs. all others in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in others than AR, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with AR vs. all others status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 8 depicts a scatterplot of protein significance for CAN vs. all others in Set 2 (y-axis) vs. Set 1 (x-axis). Positive significance identifies proteins whose levels are higher in others than CAN, and negative the opposite. Each dot represents a protein; in this plot the negative logarithm of the association p-value multiplied by the sign of the robust correlation of the protein is plotted with CAN vs. all others status. Kidney injury markers identified in previous work are plotted in blue, while all other proteins are black. Proteins with relatively high overall significance are labeled by their names or symbols. The green and red lines denote p-value thresholds of 0.01 and 0.05, respectively.

FIG. 9 depicts a chart showing the p-values for finding the observed numbers of genes by chance. Each row corresponds to one significance level and sign of the relationship between protein level and trait, while each column corresponds to a comparison. Thus, for example, the p-value of finding 9 genes with p-values less than 0.01 in the TX vs AR comparison (upper left square) is 0.0018.

FIG. 10 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs acute rejection (AR) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 10 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 10 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 11 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 11 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 11 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 12 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 12 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 12 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 13 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 13 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 13 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 14 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 14 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 14 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 15 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 15 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 15 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 16 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 16 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 16 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 17 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 17 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 17 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 18 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 18 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 18 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 19 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 19 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 19 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 20 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and acute rejection, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 20 also illustrates Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 20 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 21 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 21 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 21 include alpha 1 antitrypsin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adiponectin, Agouti related protein (AgRP), alpha 2 macroglobulin, alpha fetoprotein, amphiregulin, angiopoietin 2 (ANG 2), angiotensinogen, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein CIII, apolipoprotein H, AXL protein, beta 2 microglobulin, betacellulin, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP 6), brain derived neurotrophic factor, complement 3, C reactive protein, calcitonin, cancer antigen 125, cancer antigen 19.9, carcinoembryonic antigen, CD40, CD40 ligand, chromogranin A (CgA), ciliary neutrophic factor, cortisol, creatinine kinase MB (CKMB), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), endothelin 1, endothelial neurotrophic RAGE (EN RAGE), eotaxin, eotaxin 3, epiregulin, erythropoietin, Factor VII, Fas, Fas ligand, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and ferritin.

FIG. 22 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs acute rejection (AR) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 22 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 22 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 23 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 23 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 23 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 24 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 24 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 24 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 25 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 25 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 25 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 26 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 26 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 26 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 27 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 27 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 27 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 28 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 28 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 28 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 29 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 29 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 29 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 30 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 30 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 30 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1 alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 31 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 31 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 31 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 32 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and acute rejection, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 32 also illustrates Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 32 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 33 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 33 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 33 include basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF basic), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF 4), fibrinogen, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G CSF), glucagon-like peptide 1 total (GLP 1 Total), glucagon, glutathione S-transferase (GST), granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM CSF), growth regulated oncogen alpha (GRO alpha), growth hormone, haptoglobin, heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB EGF), hemofiltrate CC-chemokine 4 (HCC 4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), I-309, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin E (IgE), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGF BP 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 10 (IL 10), interleukin 12p40 (IL 12p40), interleukin 13 (IL 13), interleukin 15 (IL 15), interleukin 16 (IL 16), interleukin 18 (IL 18), interleukin 1 alpha (IL 1alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL 1beta), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1 ra), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3), interleukin 4 (IL 4), interleukin 5 (IL 5), interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 7 (IL 7), interleukin 8 (IL 8), insulin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), lymphotactin, moncyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP 1), moncyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP 3), and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF).

FIG. 34 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs acute rejection (AR) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 34 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 34 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 35 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 35 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs AR in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 35 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 36 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 36 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 36 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 37 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 37 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 37 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 38 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 38 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 38 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 39 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 39 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs CAN in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 39 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 40 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for successful treatment with non-rejected transplant (TX) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of acute rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 40 also illustrates Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 40 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 41 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 41 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for TX vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 41 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 42 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for acute rejection (AR) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and chronic allograft nephropathy, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 42 also illustrates Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 42 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 43 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 43 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for AR vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 43 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 44 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical correlation between the protein being measured and the clinical outcome for chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) vs all other clinical outcomes (all Other), which represents the combined outcomes of successful treatment with non-rejected transplant and acute rejection, for set 1 and set 2. The chart in FIG. 44 also illustrates Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1 and 2, as well as a combined (meta-analysis) for sets 1 and 2. The proteins measured in FIG. 44 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

FIG. 45 depicts a chart illustrating the statistical significance (p-value) determined from the Z-scores for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. FIG. 45 also illustrates the q-values estimating false discovery rates for the corresponding p-values for CAN vs all Other in sets 1, 2, and the combined (meta) set. The proteins measured in FIG. 45 include macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major intrinsic protein 1 alpha (MIP 1 alpha), major intrinsic protein 1 beta (MIP 1 beta), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP 2), matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP 3), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP 9), myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, nerve growth factor beta (NGF beta), neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI 1), pancreatic polypeptide, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP A), platelet derived growth factor, progesterone, prolactin, free prostate-specific antigen (PSA free), prostatic acid phosphatase, pulmonary and activation regulated chemokine (PARC), peptide YY, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed, and presumably secreted factor (RANTES), resistin, secretin, serum amyloid P, aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), sex-hormone binding globulin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), sortilin, plasma soluble advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), stem cell factor, tenascin C, testosterone, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), transforming growth factor b3 (TGF b3), thrombopoeitin, thymus expressed chemokine (TECK), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine binding globulin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP 1), tissue factor, tumor necrosis factor RII (TNF RII), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF beta), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand R3 (TRAIL R3), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1), vasculat endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It has been discovered that a multiplexed panel of at least three, six, or preferably 16 biomarkers may be used to detect kidney transplant rejection and associated disorders. In particular, a panel or method of the invention may be used to detect acute kidney rejection or chronic allograft nephropathy. Importantly, a panel or method of the invention may be used to distinguish between an acute rejection reaction and a chronic allograft nephropathy. Alternatively, a panel or method of the invention may be used to distinguish between a successful transplant and rejection. As used herein, the term “rejection” refers to a recipient response to a foreign antigen derived from the transplanted kidney. The phrase “acute rejection” refers to an immune related response to the foreign kidney. The response is primarily T-cell driven and originates from an HLC mismatch between the donor and recipient. The phrase “chronic allograft nephropathy” refers to a chronic inflammatory and immune response mediated reaction to a foreign kidney. Chronic allograft nephropathy may result in damage to the kidney manifested by diffuse interstitial fibrosis glomerular changes, typically membranous and sclerotic in nature, as well as intimal fibrosis of the blood vessels with tubular atrophy and loss of tubular structures.

Additionally, the present invention encompasses biomarkers that may be used to detect a disorder associated with kidney transplant rejection. As used herein, the phrase “a disorder associated with kidney transplant rejection” refers to a disorder that stems from a host response to a foreign antigen derived from the transplated kidney. For instance, non-limiting examples of associated disorders may include chronic kidney failure and end-stage kidney disease.

The biomarkers included in a multiplexed panel of the invention are analytes known in the art that may be detected in the urine, serum, plasma and other bodily fluids of mammals. As such, the analytes of the multiplexed panel may be readily extracted from the mammal in a test sample of bodily fluid. The concentrations of the analytes within the test sample may be measured using known analytical techniques such as a multiplexed antibody-based immunological assay. The combination of concentrations of the analytes in the test sample may be compared to empirically determined combinations of minimum diagnostic concentrations and combinations of diagnostic concentration ranges associated with healthy kidney function or kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder to determine whether kidney transplant rejection, and if so, what type of rejection, is indicated in the mammal.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal that includes determining the presence or concentration of a combination of three or more sample analytes in a test sample containing the bodily fluid of the mammal. The measured concentrations of the combination of sample analytes is compared to the entries of a dataset in which each entry contains the minimum diagnostic concentrations of a combination of three of more analytes reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. Other embodiments provide computer-readable media encoded with applications containing executable modules, systems that include databases and processing devices containing executable modules configured to diagnose, monitor, or determine a renal disorder in a mammal. Still other embodiments provide antibody-based devices for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal.

The analytes used as biomarkers in the multiplexed assay, methods of diagnosing, monitoring, or determining a renal disorder using measurements of the analytes, systems and applications used to analyze the multiplexed assay measurements, and antibody-based devices used to measure the analytes are described in detail below.

I. Analytes in Multiplexed Assay

One embodiment of the invention measures the concentrations of three, six, sixteen, or more than 16 biomarker analytes within a test sample taken from a mammal and compares the measured analyte concentrations to minimum diagnostic concentrations to diagnose, monitor, or determine kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal. In this aspect, the biomarker analytes are known in the art to occur in the urine, plasma, serum and other bodily fluids of mammals. The biomarker analytes are proteins that have known and documented associations with early renal damage in humans. As defined herein, the biomarker analytes may include but are not limited to alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol. A description of each biomarker analyte is given below.

(a) Alpha-1 Microglobulin (A1M)

Alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P02760) is a 26 kDa glycoprotein synthesized by the liver and reabsorbed in the proximal tubules. Elevated levels of A1M in human urine are indicative of glomerulotubular dysfunction. A1M is a member of the lipocalin super family and is found in all tissues. Alpha-1-microglobulin exists in blood in both a free form and complexed with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and heme. Half of plasma A1M exists in a free form, and the remainder exists in complexes with other molecules including prothrombin, albumin, immunoglobulin A and heme. Nearly all of the free A1M in human urine is reabsorbed by the megalin receptor in proximal tubular cells, where it is then catabolized. Small amounts of A1M are excreted in the urine of healthy humans. Increased A1M concentrations in human urine may be an early indicator of renal damage, primarily in the proximal tubule.

(b) Beta-2 Microglobulin (B2M)

Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P61769) is a protein found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells and is shed into the blood, particularly by tumor cells and lymphocytes. Due to its small size, B2M passes through the glomerular membrane, but normally less than 1% is excreted due to reabsorption of B2M in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Therefore, high plasma levels of B2M occur as a result of renal failure, inflammation, and neoplasms, especially those associated with B-lymphocytes.

(c) Calbindin

Calbindin (Calbindin D-28K, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P05937) is a Ca-binding protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily. It is expressed in the kidney, pancreatic islets, and brain. Calbindin is found predominantly in subpopulations of central and peripheral nervous system neurons, in certain epithelial cells involved in Ca2+ transport such as distal tubular cells and cortical collecting tubules of the kidney, and in enteric neuroendocrine cells.

(d) Clusterin

Clusterin (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P10909) is a highly conserved protein that has been identified independently by many different laboratories and named SGP2, S35-S45, apolipoprotein J, SP-40, 40, ADHC-9, gp80, GPIII, and testosterone-repressed prostate message (TRPM-2). An increase in clusterin levels has been consistently detected in apoptotic heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, and retinal tissue both in vivo and in vitro, establishing clusterin as a ubiquitous marker of apoptotic cell loss. However, clusterin protein has also been implicated in physiological processes that do not involve apoptosis, including the control of complement-mediated cell lysis, transport of beta-amyloid precursor protein, shuttling of aberrant beta-amyloid across the blood-brain barrier, lipid scavenging, membrane remodeling, cell aggregation, and protection from immune detection and tumor necrosis factor induced cell death.

(e) Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P29279) is a 349-amino acid cysteine-rich polypeptide belonging to the CCN family. In vitro studies have shown that CTGF is mainly involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrosis. Up-regulation of CTGF mRNA and increased CTGF levels have been observed in various diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy, fibrotic skin disorders, systemic sclerosis, biliary atresia, liver fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and nondiabetic acute and progressive glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions of the kidney. A recent cross-sectional study found that urinary CTGF may act as a progression promoter in diabetic nephropathy.

(f) Creatinine

Creatinine is a metabolite of creatine phosphate in muscle tissue, and is typically produced at a relatively constant rate by the body. Creatinine is chiefly filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, though a small amount is actively secreted by the kidneys into the urine. Creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to estimate the creatinine clearance, which is representative of the overall glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a standard measure of renal function. Variations in creatinine concentrations in the blood and urine, as well as variations in the ratio of urea to creatinine concentration in the blood, are common diagnostic measurements used to assess renal function.

(g) Cystatin C (Cyst C)

Cystatin C (Cyst C, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P01034) is a 13 kDa protein that is a potent inhibitor of the C1 family of cysteine proteases. It is the most abundant extracellular inhibitor of cysteine proteases in testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles and many other tissues. Cystatin C, which is normally expressed in vascular wall smooth muscle cells, is severely reduced in both atherosclerotic and aneurismal aortic lesions.

(h) Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha (GST-Alpha)

Glutathione S-transferase alpha (GST-alpha, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P08263) belongs to a family of enzymes that utilize glutathione in reactions contributing to the transformation of a wide range of compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, and products of oxidative stress. These enzymes play a key role in the detoxification of such substances.

(i) Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)

Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1, Swiss-Prot Accession Number Q96D42) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell-surface protein highly upregulated on the surface of injured kidney epithelial cells. It is also known as TIM-1 (T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1), as it is expressed at low levels by subpopulations of activated T-cells and hepatitis A virus cellular receptor-1 (HAVCR-1). KIM-1 is increased in expression more than any other protein in the injured kidney and is localized predominantly to the apical membrane of the surviving proximal epithelial cells.

(j) Microalbumin

Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in humans and other mammals. Albumin is essential for maintaining the osmotic pressure needed for proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. Healthy, normal kidneys typically filter out albumin from the urine. The presence of albumin in the urine may indicate damage to the kidneys. Albumin in the urine may also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes. The amount of albumin eliminated in the urine has been used to differentially diagnose various renal disorders. For example, nephrotic syndrome usually results in the excretion of about 3.0 to 3.5 grams of albumin in human urine every 24 hours. Microalbuminuria, in which less than 300 mg of albumin is eliminated in the urine every 24 hours, may indicate the early stages of diabetic nephropathy.

(k) Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P80188) forms a disulfide bond-linked heterodimer with MMP-9. It mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. Lipocalins interact with many different molecules such as cell surface receptors and proteases, and play a role in a variety of processes such as the progression of cancer and allergic reactions.

(l) Osteopontin (OPN)

Osteopontin (OPN, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P10451) is a cytokine involved in enhancing production of interferon-gamma and IL-12, and inhibiting the production of IL-10. OPN is essential in the pathway that leads to type I immunity. OPN appears to form an integral part of the mineralized matrix. OPN is synthesized within the kidney and has been detected in human urine at levels that may effectively inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization. Decreased concentrations of OPN have been documented in urine from patients with renal stone disease compared with normal individuals.

(m) Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP)

Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P07911), also known as uromodulin, is the most abundant protein present in the urine of healthy subjects and has been shown to decrease in individuals with kidney stones. THP is secreted by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henley. THP is a monomeric glycoprotein of ˜85 kDa with ˜30% carbohydrate moiety that is heavily glycosylated. THP may act as a constitutive inhibitor of calcium crystallization in renal fluids.

(n) Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1)

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P01033) is a major regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. A certain balance of MMPs and TIMPs is essential for tumor growth and health. Fibrosis results from an imbalance of fibrogenesis and fibrolysis, highlighting the importance of the role of the inhibition of matrix degradation role in renal disease.

(o) Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3)

Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3, Swiss-Prot Accession Number Q07654), also known as intestinal trefoil factor, belongs to a small family of mucin-associated peptides that include TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3. TFF3 exists in a 60-amino acid monomeric form and a 118-amino acid dimeric form. Under normal conditions TFF3 is expressed by goblet cells of the intestine and the colon. TFF3 expression has also been observed in the human respiratory tract, in human goblet cells and in the human salivary gland. In addition, TFF3 has been detected in the human hypothalamus.

(p) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P15692) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of neuronal and other tumors, most likely functioning as a potent promoter of angiogenesis. VEGF may also be involved in regulating blood-brain-barrier functions under normal and pathological conditions. VEGF secreted from the stromal cells may be responsible for the endothelial cell proliferation observed in capillary hemangioblastomas, which are typically composed of abundant microvasculature and primitive angiogenic elements represented by stromal cells.

(q) B-lymphocyte Chemoattractant (BLC)

B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC, Swiss-Prot Accession Number 043927) is also referred to as C-X-C motif chemokine 13, Small-inducible cytokine B13, B lymphocyte chemoattractant, CXC chemokine BLC, and B cell-attracting chemokine 1. BLC functions as a potent chemoattractant for B lymphocytes, but not T lymphocytes, monocytes, or neutrophils. Its specific receptor BLR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor originally isolated from Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Among cells of the hematopoietic lineages, the expression of BRL1, now designated CXCR5, is restricted to B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of T helper memory cells.

(r) Cluster of Differentiation Surface Receptors 40 (CD40)

Cluster of Differentiation Surface Receptors 40 (CD40, Swiss Prot Accession Number P25942) is also referred to TNFRSF5 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5. CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor superfamily of proteins. CD40 has been found to be essential in mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation.

(s) Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGF BP2)

Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGF BP2, Swiss Prot Accession Number P18065) functions to prolong the half-life of the insulin growth factors and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the insulin growth factors on cell culture. Specifically, during development, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 is expressed in a number of tissues with the highest expression level found in the central nervous system. IGFBP-2 exhibits a 2-10 fold higher affinity for IGF II than for IGF I.

(t) Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3)

Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3, Swiss Prot Accession Number P08254) is also known as stromelysin-1 and Transin-1. MMP3 is involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. MMP3 encodes an enzyme which degrades fibronectin, laminin, collagens III, IV, IX, and X, and cartilage proteoglycans. The enzyme is thought to be involved in wound repair, progression of atherosclerosis, and tumor initiation. MMP3 is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11 q22.3.

(u) Peptide YY (PYY)

Peptide YY (PYY, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P10082) is also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine and pancreatic peptide YY₃₋₃₆. Peptide YY exerts its action through neuropeptide Y receptors, inhibits gastric motility and increases water and electrolyte absorption in the colon. PYY may also suppress pancreatic secretion. It is secreted by the neuroendocrine cells in the ileum and colon in response to a meal, and has been shown to reduce appetite. PYY works by slowing the gastric emptying; hence, it increases efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption after meal. Research has also indicated that PYY may be useful in removing aluminum accumulated in the brain.

(v) Stem Cell Factor (SCF)

Stem Cell Factor (SCF, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q13528) is also known as kit-ligand, KL, and steel factor. SCF functions SCF plays an important role in the hematopoiesis during embryonic development. Sites where hematopoiesis takes place, such as the fetal liver and bone marrow, all express SCF. SCF may serve as guidance cues that direct hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to their stem cell niche (the microenvironment in which a stem cell resides), and it plays an important role in HSC maintenance. Non-lethal point mutants on the c-Kit receptor can cause anemia, decreased fertility, and decreased pigmentation. During development, the presence of the SCF also plays an important role in the localization of melanocytes, cells that produce melanin and control pigmentation. In melanogenisis, melanoblasts migrate from the neural crest to their appropriate locations in the epidermis. Melanoblasts express the Kit receptor, and it is believed that SCF guides these cells to their terminal locations. SCF also regulates survival and proliferation of fully differentiated melanocytes in adults. In spermatogenesis, c-Kit is expressed in primordial germ cells, spermatogonia, and in primordial oocytes. It is also expressed in the primordial germ cells of females. SCF is expressed along the pathways that the germ cells use to reach their terminal destination in the body. It is also expressed in the final destinations for these cells. Like for melanoblasts, this helps guide the cells to their appropriate locations in the body

(w) Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type II (TNF RII)

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type II (TNF RII, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P20333) is also known as p75, p80 TNF alpha receptor, and TNFRSF1B. TNF RII is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF1B gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, which also contains TNFRSF1A. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This protein and TNF-receptor 1 form a heterocomplex that mediates the recruitment of two anti-apoptotic proteins, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2, which possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The function of IAPs in TNF-receptor signaling is unknown; however, c-IAP1 is thought to potentiate TNF-induced apoptosis by the ubiquitination and degradation of TNF-receptor-associated factor 2, which mediates anti-apoptotic signals. Knockout studies in mice also suggest a role of this protein in protecting neurons from apoptosis by stimulating antioxidative pathways.

(x) AXL Oncogene

AXL (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P30530) is also known as UFO, ARK, and tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO. The protein encoded by AXL is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Although it is similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the AXL protein represents a unique structure of the extracellular region that juxtaposes IgL and FNIII repeats. AXL transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors like vitamin K-dependent protein growth-arrest-specific gene 6. It is involved in the stimulation of cell proliferation. This receptor can also mediate cell aggregation by homophilic binding. AXL is a chronic myelogenous leukemia-associated oncogene and also associated with colon cancer and melanoma.

(y) Eotaxin 3

Eotaxin 3 (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P51671) is also known as C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11), small inducible cytokine A11, and eosinophil chemotactic protein. Eotaxin 3 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha (MIP-4-alpha), Thymic stroma chemokine-1 (TSC-1), and IMAC. It is expressed by several tissues including heart, lung and ovary, and in endothelial cells that have been stimulated with the cytokine interleukin 4.[1][2] CCL26 is chemotactic for eosinophils and basophils and elicits its effects by binding to the cell surface chemokine receptor CCR3.

(z) Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP)

Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP, Swiss-Prot Accession Number Q01469) is also known as epidermal-type fatty acid binding protein, and fatty-acid binding protein 5. This gene encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in epidermal cells, and was first identified as being upregulated in psoriasis tissue. Fatty acid binding proteins are a family of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. It is thought that FABPs roles include fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism.

(aa) Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF Basic)

Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF basic, Swiss-Prot Accession NumberP09038) is also known as heparin-binding growth factor. In normal tissue, basic fibroblast growth factor is present in basement membranes and in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of blood vessels. It stays membrane-bound as long as there is no signal peptide. It has been hypothesized that, during both wound healing of normal tissues and tumor development, the action of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes activates FGF basic, thus mediating the formation of new blood vessels. Additionally, FGF basic is a critical component of human embryonic stem cell culture medium; the growth factor is necessary for the cells to remain in an undifferentiated state, although the mechanisms by which it does this are poorly defined. It has been demonstrated to induce gremlin expression which in turn is known to inhibit the induction of differentiation by bone morphogenetic proteins. It is necessary in mouse-feeder cell dependent culture systems, as well as in feeder and serum-free culture systems.

(bb) Myoglobin

Myoglobin (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P02144) is released from damaged muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis), which has very high concentrations of myoglobin. The released myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys but is toxic to the renal tubular epithelium and so may cause acute renal failure. Myoglobin is a sensitive marker for muscle injury, making it a potential marker for heart attack in patients with chest pain.

(cc) Resistin (RETN)

Resistin (RETN, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q76B53) is theorized to participate in the inflammatory response. Resistin has also been shown to increase transcriptional events leading to an increased expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including (but not limited to) interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in an NF-κB-mediated fashion. It has also been demonstrated that resistin upregulates intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) and CCL2, all of which are occupied in chemotactic pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection. Resistin itself can be upregulated by interleukins and also by microbial antigens such as lipopolysaccharide, which are recognized by leukocytes. Taken together, because resistin is reputed to contribute to insulin resistance, results such as those mentioned suggest that resistin may be a link in the well-known association between inflammation and insulin resistance. In fact, recent data have shown positive correlations between obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation which is believed to be directed in part by resistin signaling.

(dd) Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 3 (TRAIL R3)

TRAIL R3 (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P83626 (mouse)) is also known as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 3, and tumor necrosis factor receptor mouse homolog. TRAIL R3 is a decoy receptor for TRAIL, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family. In several cell types decoy receptors inhibit TRAIL-induced apoptosis by binding TRAIL and thus preventing its binding to proapoptotic TRAIL receptors.

(ee) Endothelin 1 (ET1)

Endothelin 1 (ET1, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q6FH53) is also known as EDN1 and EDN1 protein. Endothelin 1 is a protein that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure. It is normally kept in balance by other mechanisms, but when over-expressed, it contributes to high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart disease. Endothelin 1 peptides and receptors are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disease states, including cancer and heart disease.

(ft) Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NrCAM)

Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule (NrCAM, UniProtKB/TrEMBL Q14CA1) encodes a neuronal cell adhesion molecule with multiple immunoglobulin-like C2-type domains and fibronectin type-III domains. This ankyrin-binding protein is involved in neuron-neuron adhesion and promotes directional signaling during axonal cone growth. This gene is also expressed in non-neural tissues and may play a general role in cell-cell communication via signaling from its intracellular domain to the actin cytoskeleton during directional cell migration. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with autism and addiction vulnerability.

(gg) Tenascin C (TN-C)

Tenascin C (TN-C, UniProt/TrEMBL Q99857) has anti-adhesive properties, causing cells in tissue culture to become rounded after it is added to the medium. One mechanism to explain this may come from its ability to bind to the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin and block fibronectin's interactions with specific syndecans. The expression of tenascin-C in the stroma of certain tumors is associated with a poor prognosis.

(hh) Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1)

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM1, Swiss-Prot Accession Number P19320) is also known as vascular cell adhesion protein 1. VCAM1 mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium. It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction, and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs as a result of increased gene transcription (e.g., in response to Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1)) and through stabilization of Messenger RNA (mRNA) (e.g., Interleukin-4 (IL-4)). The promoter region of the VCAM-1 gene contains functional tandem NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) sites. The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours. Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial ligand for VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen-4 or a4β1) of the β1 subfamily of integrins, and for integrin a4β7. VCAM-1 expression has also been observed in other cell types (e.g., smooth muscle cells). It has also been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin. Certain melanoma cells can use VCAM-1 to adhere to the endothelium, and VCAM-1 may participate in monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic sites.

(ii) Cortisol

Cortisol (Swiss-Prot Accession Number P08185) is also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin, transcortin, and Serpin A6. Cortisol is a steroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress, and to a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, suppress the immune system, and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. In addition, cortisol can weaken the activity of the immune system. Cortisol prevents proliferation of T-cells by rendering the interleukin-2 producer T-cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 (IL-1), and unable to produce the T-cell growth factor. Cortisol also has a negative feedback effect on interleukin-1. IL-1 must be especially useful in combating some diseases; however, endotoxin bacteria have gained an advantage by forcing the hypothalamus to increase cortisol levels via forcing secretion of CRH hormone, thus antagonizing IL-1 in this case. The suppressor cells are not affected by GRMF, so that the effective set point for the immune cells may be even higher than the set point for physiological processes. It reflects leukocyte redistribution to lymph nodes, bone marrow, and skin.

II. Combinations of Analytes Measured by Multiplexed Assay

The method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining a transplant rejection involves determining the presence or concentrations of a combination of sample analytes in a test sample. The combinations of sample analytes, as defined herein, are any group of three or more analytes selected from the biomarker analytes, including but not limited to alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol. In one embodiment, the combination of analytes may be selected to provide a group of analytes associated with kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder.

In one embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may be any three of the biomarker analytes. In other embodiments, the combination of sample analytes may be any four, any five, any six, any seven, any eight, any nine, any ten, any eleven, any twelve, any thirteen, any fourteen, any fifteen, any sixteen, any seventeen, any eighteen, any nineteen, any twenty, or more of biomarker analytes listed in Section I above. In some embodiments, the combination of sample analytes comprises B2M and VEGF. In another embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may be a combination listed in Table A below.

TABLE A BLC CD40 IGF BP2 BLC CD40 MMP3 BLC CD40 peptide YY BLC CD40 stem cell factor BLC CD40 TNF RII BLC CD40 AXL BLC CD40 Eotaxin 3 BLC CD40 FABP BLC CD40 FGF basic BLC CD40 myoglobin BLC CD40 resistin BLC CD40 TRAIL R3 BLC CD40 endothilin 1 BLC CD40 NrCAM BLC CD40 Tenascin C BLC CD40 VCAM1 BLC CD40 cortisol BLC IGF BP2 MMP3 BLC IGF BP2 peptide YY BLC IGF BP2 stem cell factor BLC IGF BP2 TNF RII BLC IGF BP2 AXL BLC IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 BLC IGF BP2 FABP BLC IGF BP2 FGF basic BLC IGF BP2 myoglobin BLC IGF BP2 resistin BLC IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 BLC IGF BP2 endothilin 1 BLC IGF BP2 NrCAM BLC IGF BP2 Tenascin C BLC IGF BP2 VCAM1 BLC IGF BP2 cortisol BLC MMP3 peptide YY BLC MMP3 stem cell factor BLC MMP3 TNF RII BLC MMP3 AXL BLC MMP3 Eotaxin 3 BLC MMP3 FABP BLC MMP3 FGF basic BLC MMP3 myoglobin BLC MMP3 resistin BLC MMP3 TRAIL R3 BLC MMP3 endothilin 1 BLC MMP3 NrCAM BLC MMP3 Tenascin C BLC MMP3 VCAM1 BLC MMP3 cortisol BLC peptide YY stem cell factor BLC peptide YY TNF RII BLC peptide YY AXL BLC peptide YY Eotaxin 3 BLC peptide YY FABP BLC peptide YY FGF basic BLC peptide YY myoglobin BLC peptide YY resistin BLC peptide YY TRAIL R3 BLC peptide YY endothilin 1 BLC peptide YY NrCAM BLC peptide YY Tenascin C BLC peptide YY VCAM1 BLC peptide YY cortisol BLC stem cell factor TNF RII BLC stem cell factor AXL BLC stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 BLC stem cell factor FABP BLC stem cell factor FGF basic BLC stem cell factor myoglobin BLC stem cell factor resistin BLC stem cell factor TRAIL R3 BLC stem cell factor endothilin 1 BLC stem cell factor NrCAM BLC stem cell factor Tenascin C BLC stem cell factor VCAM1 BLC stem cell factor cortisol BLC TNF RII AXL BLC TNF RII Eotaxin 3 BLC TNF RII FABP BLC TNF RII FGF basic BLC TNF RII myoglobin BLC TNF RII resistin BLC TNF RII TRAIL R3 BLC TNF RII endothilin 1 BLC TNF RII NrCAM BLC TNF RII Tenascin C BLC TNF RII VCAM1 BLC TNF RII cortisol BLC AXL Eotaxin 3 BLC AXL FABP BLC AXL FGF basic BLC AXL myoglobin BLC AXL resistin BLC AXL TRAIL R3 BLC AXL endothilin 1 BLC AXL NrCAM BLC AXL Tenascin C BLC AXL VCAM1 BLC AXL cortisol BLC Eotaxin 3 FABP BLC Eotaxin 3 FGF basic BLC Eotaxin 3 myoglobin BLC Eotaxin 3 resistin BLC Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 BLC Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 BLC Eotaxin 3 NrCAM BLC Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C BLC Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 BLC Eotaxin 3 cortisol BLC FABP FGF basic BLC FABP myoglobin BLC FABP resistin BLC FABP TRAIL R3 BLC FABP endothilin 1 BLC FABP NrCAM BLC FABP Tenascin C BLC FABP VCAM1 BLC FABP cortisol BLC FGF basic myoglobin BLC FGF basic resistin BLC FGF basic TRAIL R3 BLC FGF basic endothilin 1 BLC FGF basic NrCAM BLC FGF basic Tenascin C BLC FGF basic VCAM1 BLC FGF basic cortisol BLC myoglobin resistin BLC myoglobin TRAIL R3 BLC myoglobin endothilin 1 BLC myoglobin NrCAM BLC myoglobin Tenascin C BLC myoglobin VCAM1 BLC myoglobin cortisol BLC resistin TRAIL R3 BLC resistin endothilin 1 BLC resistin NrCAM BLC resistin Tenascin C BLC resistin VCAM1 BLC resistin cortisol BLC TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 BLC TRAIL R3 NrCAM BLC TRAIL R3 Tenascin C BLC TRAIL R3 VCAM1 BLC TRAIL R3 cortisol BLC endothilin 1 NrCAM BLC endothilin 1 Tenascin C BLC endothilin 1 VCAM1 BLC endothilin 1 cortisol BLC NrCAM Tenascin C BLC NrCAM VCAM1 BLC NrCAM cortisol BLC Tenascin C VCAM1 BLC Tenascin C cortisol BLC VCAM1 cortisol CD40 IGF BP2 MMP3 CD40 IGF BP2 peptide YY CD40 IGF BP2 stem cell factor CD40 IGF BP2 TNF RII CD40 IGF BP2 AXL CD40 IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 CD40 IGF BP2 FABP CD40 IGF BP2 FGF basic CD40 IGF BP2 myoglobin CD40 IGF BP2 resistin CD40 IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 CD40 IGF BP2 endothilin 1 CD40 IGF BP2 NrCAM CD40 IGF BP2 Tenascin C CD40 IGF BP2 VCAM1 CD40 IGF BP2 cortisol CD40 MMP3 peptide YY CD40 MMP3 stem cell factor CD40 MMP3 TNF RII CD40 MMP3 AXL CD40 MMP3 Eotaxin 3 CD40 MMP3 FABP CD40 MMP3 FGF basic CD40 MMP3 myoglobin CD40 MMP3 resistin CD40 MMP3 TRAIL R3 CD40 MMP3 endothilin 1 CD40 MMP3 NrCAM CD40 MMP3 Tenascin C CD40 MMP3 VCAM1 CD40 MMP3 cortisol CD40 peptide YY stem cell factor CD40 peptide YY TNF RII CD40 peptide YY AXL CD40 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 CD40 peptide YY FABP CD40 peptide YY FGF basic CD40 peptide YY myoglobin CD40 peptide YY resistin CD40 peptide YY TRAIL R3 CD40 peptide YY endothilin 1 CD40 peptide YY NrCAM CD40 peptide YY Tenascin C CD40 peptide YY VCAM1 CD40 peptide YY cortisol CD40 stem cell factor TNF RII CD40 stem cell factor AXL CD40 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 CD40 stem cell factor FABP CD40 stem cell factor FGF basic CD40 stem cell factor myoglobin CD40 stem cell factor resistin CD40 stem cell factor TRAIL R3 CD40 stem cell factor endothilin 1 CD40 stem cell factor NrCAM CD40 stem cell factor Tenascin C CD40 stem cell factor VCAM1 CD40 stem cell factor cortisol CD40 TNF RII AXL CD40 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 CD40 TNF RII FABP CD40 TNF RII FGF basic CD40 TNF RII myoglobin CD40 TNF RII resistin CD40 TNF RII TRAIL R3 CD40 TNF RII endothilin 1 CD40 TNF RII NrCAM CD40 TNF RII Tenascin C CD40 TNF RII VCAM1 CD40 TNF RII cortisol CD40 AXL Eotaxin 3 CD40 AXL FABP CD40 AXL FGF basic CD40 AXL myoglobin CD40 AXL resistin CD40 AXL TRAIL R3 CD40 AXL endothilin 1 CD40 AXL NrCAM CD40 AXL Tenascin C CD40 AXL VCAM1 CD40 AXL cortisol CD40 Eotaxin 3 FABP CD40 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic CD40 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin CD40 Eotaxin 3 resistin CD40 Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 CD40 Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 CD40 Eotaxin 3 NrCAM CD40 Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C CD40 Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 CD40 Eotaxin 3 cortisol CD40 FABP FGF basic CD40 FABP myoglobin CD40 FABP resistin CD40 FABP TRAIL R3 CD40 FABP endothilin 1 CD40 FABP NrCAM CD40 FABP Tenascin C CD40 FABP VCAM1 CD40 FABP cortisol CD40 FGF basic myoglobin CD40 FGF basic resistin CD40 FGF basic TRAIL R3 CD40 FGF basic endothilin 1 CD40 FGF basic NrCAM CD40 FGF basic Tenascin C CD40 FGF basic VCAM1 CD40 FGF basic cortisol CD40 myoglobin resistin CD40 myoglobin TRAIL R3 CD40 myoglobin endothilin 1 CD40 myoglobin NrCAM CD40 myoglobin Tenascin C CD40 myoglobin VCAM1 CD40 myoglobin cortisol CD40 resistin TRAIL R3 CD40 resistin endothilin 1 CD40 resistin NrCAM CD40 resistin Tenascin C CD40 resistin VCAM1 CD40 resistin cortisol CD40 TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 CD40 TRAIL R3 NrCAM CD40 TRAIL R3 Tenascin C CD40 TRAIL R3 VCAM1 CD40 TRAIL R3 cortisol CD40 endothilin 1 NrCAM CD40 endothilin 1 Tenascin C CD40 endothilin 1 VCAM1 CD40 endothilin 1 cortisol CD40 NrCAM Tenascin C CD40 NrCAM VCAM1 CD40 NrCAM cortisol CD40 Tenascin C VCAM1 CD40 Tenascin C cortisol CD40 VCAM1 cortisol IGF BP2 MMP3 peptide YY IGF BP2 MMP3 stem cell factor IGF BP2 MMP3 TNF RII IGF BP2 MMP3 AXL IGF BP2 MMP3 Eotaxin 3 IGF BP2 MMP3 FABP IGF BP2 MMP3 FGF basic IGF BP2 MMP3 myoglobin IGF BP2 MMP3 resistin IGF BP2 MMP3 TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 MMP3 endothilin 1 IGF BP2 MMP3 NrCAM IGF BP2 MMP3 Tenascin C IGF BP2 MMP3 VCAM1 IGF BP2 MMP3 cortisol IGF BP2 peptide YY stem cell factor IGF BP2 peptide YY TNF RII IGF BP2 peptide YY AXL IGF BP2 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 IGF BP2 peptide YY FABP IGF BP2 peptide YY FGF basic IGF BP2 peptide YY myoglobin IGF BP2 peptide YY resistin IGF BP2 peptide YY TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 peptide YY endothilin 1 IGF BP2 peptide YY NrCAM IGF BP2 peptide YY Tenascin C IGF BP2 peptide YY VCAM1 IGF BP2 peptide YY cortisol IGF BP2 stem cell factor TNF RII IGF BP2 stem cell factor AXL IGF BP2 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 IGF BP2 stem cell factor FABP IGF BP2 stem cell factor FGF basic IGF BP2 stem cell factor myoglobin IGF BP2 stem cell factor resistin IGF BP2 stem cell factor TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 stem cell factor endothilin 1 IGF BP2 stem cell factor NrCAM IGF BP2 stem cell factor Tenascin C IGF BP2 stem cell factor VCAM1 IGF BP2 stem cell factor cortisol IGF BP2 TNF RII AXL IGF BP2 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 IGF BP2 TNF RII FABP IGF BP2 TNF RII FGF basic IGF BP2 TNF RII myoglobin IGF BP2 TNF RII resistin IGF BP2 TNF RII TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 TNF RII endothilin 1 IGF BP2 TNF RII NrCAM IGF BP2 TNF RII Tenascin C IGF BP2 TNF RII VCAM1 IGF BP2 TNF RII cortisol IGF BP2 AXL Eotaxin 3 IGF BP2 AXL FABP IGF BP2 AXL FGF basic IGF BP2 AXL myoglobin IGF BP2 AXL resistin IGF BP2 AXL TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 AXL endothilin 1 IGF BP2 AXL NrCAM IGF BP2 AXL Tenascin C IGF BP2 AXL VCAM1 IGF BP2 AXL cortisol IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 FABP IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 resistin IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 NrCAM IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 IGF BP2 Eotaxin 3 cortisol IGF BP2 FABP FGF basic IGF BP2 FABP myoglobin IGF BP2 FABP resistin IGF BP2 FABP TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 FABP endothilin 1 IGF BP2 FABP NrCAM IGF BP2 FABP Tenascin C IGF BP2 FABP VCAM1 IGF BP2 FABP cortisol IGF BP2 FGF basic myoglobin IGF BP2 FGF basic resistin IGF BP2 FGF basic TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 FGF basic endothilin 1 IGF BP2 FGF basic NrCAM IGF BP2 FGF basic Tenascin C IGF BP2 FGF basic VCAM1 IGF BP2 FGF basic cortisol IGF BP2 myoglobin resistin IGF BP2 myoglobin TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 myoglobin endothilin 1 IGF BP2 myoglobin NrCAM IGF BP2 myoglobin Tenascin C IGF BP2 myoglobin VCAM1 IGF BP2 myoglobin cortisol IGF BP2 resistin TRAIL R3 IGF BP2 resistin endothilin 1 IGF BP2 resistin NrCAM IGF BP2 resistin Tenascin C IGF BP2 resistin VCAM1 IGF BP2 resistin cortisol IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 NrCAM IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 Tenascin C IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 VCAM1 IGF BP2 TRAIL R3 cortisol IGF BP2 endothilin 1 NrCAM IGF BP2 endothilin 1 Tenascin C IGF BP2 endothilin 1 VCAM1 IGF BP2 endothilin 1 cortisol IGF BP2 NrCAM Tenascin C IGF BP2 NrCAM VCAM1 IGF BP2 NrCAM cortisol IGF BP2 Tenascin C VCAM1 IGF BP2 Tenascin C cortisol IGF BP2 VCAM1 cortisol MMP3 peptide YY stem cell factor MMP3 peptide YY TNF RII MMP3 peptide YY AXL MMP3 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 MMP3 peptide YY FABP MMP3 peptide YY FGF basic MMP3 peptide YY myoglobin MMP3 peptide YY resistin MMP3 peptide YY TRAIL R3 MMP3 peptide YY endothilin 1 MMP3 peptide YY NrCAM MMP3 peptide YY Tenascin C MMP3 peptide YY VCAM1 MMP3 peptide YY cortisol MMP3 stem cell factor TNF RII MMP3 stem cell factor AXL MMP3 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 MMP3 stem cell factor FABP MMP3 stem cell factor FGF basic MMP3 stem cell factor myoglobin MMP3 stem cell factor resistin MMP3 stem cell factor TRAIL R3 MMP3 stem cell factor endothilin 1 MMP3 stem cell factor NrCAM MMP3 stem cell factor Tenascin C MMP3 stem cell factor VCAM1 MMP3 stem cell factor cortisol MMP3 TNF RII AXL MMP3 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 MMP3 TNF RII FABP MMP3 TNF RII FGF basic MMP3 TNF RII myoglobin MMP3 TNF RII resistin MMP3 TNF RII TRAIL R3 MMP3 TNF RII endothilin 1 MMP3 TNF RII NrCAM MMP3 TNF RII Tenascin C MMP3 TNF RII VCAM1 MMP3 TNF RII cortisol MMP3 AXL Eotaxin 3 MMP3 AXL FABP MMP3 AXL FGF basic MMP3 AXL myoglobin MMP3 AXL resistin MMP3 AXL TRAIL R3 MMP3 AXL endothilin 1 MMP3 AXL NrCAM MMP3 AXL Tenascin C MMP3 AXL VCAM1 MMP3 AXL cortisol MMP3 Eotaxin 3 FABP MMP3 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic MMP3 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin MMP3 Eotaxin 3 resistin MMP3 Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 MMP3 Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 MMP3 Eotaxin 3 NrCAM MMP3 Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C MMP3 Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 MMP3 Eotaxin 3 cortisol MMP3 FABP FGF basic MMP3 FABP myoglobin MMP3 FABP resistin MMP3 FABP TRAIL R3 MMP3 FABP endothilin 1 MMP3 FABP NrCAM MMP3 FABP Tenascin C MMP3 FABP VCAM1 MMP3 FABP cortisol MMP3 FGF basic myoglobin MMP3 FGF basic resistin MMP3 FGF basic TRAIL R3 MMP3 FGF basic endothilin 1 MMP3 FGF basic NrCAM MMP3 FGF basic Tenascin C MMP3 FGF basic VCAM1 MMP3 FGF basic cortisol MMP3 myoglobin resistin MMP3 myoglobin TRAIL R3 MMP3 myoglobin endothilin 1 MMP3 myoglobin NrCAM MMP3 myoglobin Tenascin C MMP3 myoglobin VCAM1 MMP3 myoglobin cortisol MMP3 resistin TRAIL R3 MMP3 resistin endothilin 1 MMP3 resistin NrCAM MMP3 resistin Tenascin C MMP3 resistin VCAM1 MMP3 resistin cortisol MMP3 TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 MMP3 TRAIL R3 NrCAM MMP3 TRAIL R3 Tenascin C MMP3 TRAIL R3 VCAM1 MMP3 TRAIL R3 cortisol MMP3 endothilin 1 NrCAM MMP3 endothilin 1 Tenascin C MMP3 endothilin 1 VCAM1 MMP3 endothilin 1 cortisol MMP3 NrCAM Tenascin C MMP3 NrCAM VCAM1 MMP3 NrCAM cortisol MMP3 Tenascin C VCAM1 MMP3 Tenascin C cortisol MMP3 VCAM1 cortisol peptide YY stem cell factor TNF RII peptide YY stem cell factor AXL peptide YY stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 peptide YY stem cell factor FABP peptide YY stem cell factor FGF basic peptide YY stem cell factor myoglobin peptide YY stem cell factor resistin peptide YY stem cell factor TRAIL R3 peptide YY stem cell factor endothilin 1 peptide YY stem cell factor NrCAM peptide YY stem cell factor Tenascin C peptide YY stem cell factor VCAM1 peptide YY stem cell factor cortisol peptide YY TNF RII AXL peptide YY TNF RII Eotaxin 3 peptide YY TNF RII FABP peptide YY TNF RII FGF basic peptide YY TNF RII myoglobin peptide YY TNF RII resistin peptide YY TNF RII TRAIL R3 peptide YY TNF RII endothilin 1 peptide YY TNF RII NrCAM peptide YY TNF RII Tenascin C peptide YY TNF RII VCAM1 peptide YY TNF RII cortisol peptide YY AXL Eotaxin 3 peptide YY AXL FABP peptide YY AXL FGF basic peptide YY AXL myoglobin peptide YY AXL resistin peptide YY AXL TRAIL R3 peptide YY AXL endothilin 1 peptide YY AXL NrCAM peptide YY AXL Tenascin C peptide YY AXL VCAM1 peptide YY AXL cortisol peptide YY Eotaxin 3 FABP peptide YY Eotaxin 3 FGF basic peptide YY Eotaxin 3 myoglobin peptide YY Eotaxin 3 resistin peptide YY Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 NrCAM peptide YY Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C peptide YY Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 peptide YY Eotaxin 3 cortisol peptide YY FABP FGF basic peptide YY FABP myoglobin peptide YY FABP resistin peptide YY FABP TRAIL R3 peptide YY FABP endothilin 1 peptide YY FABP NrCAM peptide YY FABP Tenascin C peptide YY FABP VCAM1 peptide YY FABP cortisol peptide YY FGF basic myoglobin peptide YY FGF basic resistin peptide YY FGF basic TRAIL R3 peptide YY FGF basic endothilin 1 peptide YY FGF basic NrCAM peptide YY FGF basic Tenascin C peptide YY FGF basic VCAM1 peptide YY FGF basic cortisol peptide YY myoglobin resistin peptide YY myoglobin TRAIL R3 peptide YY myoglobin endothilin 1 peptide YY myoglobin NrCAM peptide YY myoglobin Tenascin C peptide YY myoglobin VCAM1 peptide YY myoglobin cortisol peptide YY resistin TRAIL R3 peptide YY resistin endothilin 1 peptide YY resistin NrCAM peptide YY resistin Tenascin C peptide YY resistin VCAM1 peptide YY resistin cortisol peptide YY TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 peptide YY TRAIL R3 NrCAM peptide YY TRAIL R3 Tenascin C peptide YY TRAIL R3 VCAM1 peptide YY TRAIL R3 cortisol peptide YY endothilin 1 NrCAM peptide YY endothilin 1 Tenascin C peptide YY endothilin 1 VCAM1 peptide YY endothilin 1 cortisol peptide YY NrCAM Tenascin C peptide YY NrCAM VCAM1 peptide YY NrCAM cortisol peptide YY Tenascin C VCAM1 peptide YY Tenascin C cortisol peptide YY VCAM1 cortisol stem cell factor TNF RII AXL stem cell factor TNF RII Eotaxin 3 stem cell factor TNF RII FABP stem cell factor TNF RII FGF basic stem cell factor TNF RII myoglobin stem cell factor TNF RII resistin stem cell factor TNF RII TRAIL R3 stem cell factor TNF RII endothilin 1 stem cell factor TNF RII NrCAM stem cell factor TNF RII Tenascin C stem cell factor TNF RII VCAM1 stem cell factor TNF RII cortisol stem cell factor AXL Eotaxin 3 stem cell factor AXL FABP stem cell factor AXL FGF basic stem cell factor AXL myoglobin stem cell factor AXL resistin stem cell factor AXL TRAIL R3 stem cell factor AXL endothilin 1 stem cell factor AXL NrCAM stem cell factor AXL Tenascin C stem cell factor AXL VCAM1 stem cell factor AXL cortisol stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 FABP stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 FGF basic stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 myoglobin stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 resistin stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 NrCAM stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 stem cell factor Eotaxin 3 cortisol stem cell factor FABP FGF basic stem cell factor FABP myoglobin stem cell factor FABP resistin stem cell factor FABP TRAIL R3 stem cell factor FABP endothilin 1 stem cell factor FABP NrCAM stem cell factor FABP Tenascin C stem cell factor FABP VCAM1 stem cell factor FABP cortisol stem cell factor FGF basic myoglobin stem cell factor FGF basic resistin stem cell factor FGF basic TRAIL R3 stem cell factor FGF basic endothilin 1 stem cell factor FGF basic NrCAM stem cell factor FGF basic Tenascin C stem cell factor FGF basic VCAM1 stem cell factor FGF basic cortisol stem cell factor myoglobin resistin stem cell factor myoglobin TRAIL R3 stem cell factor myoglobin endothilin 1 stem cell factor myoglobin NrCAM stem cell factor myoglobin Tenascin C stem cell factor myoglobin VCAM1 stem cell factor myoglobin cortisol stem cell factor resistin TRAIL R3 stem cell factor resistin endothilin 1 stem cell factor resistin NrCAM stem cell factor resistin Tenascin C stem cell factor resistin VCAM1 stem cell factor resistin cortisol stem cell factor TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 stem cell factor TRAIL R3 NrCAM stem cell factor TRAIL R3 Tenascin C stem cell factor TRAIL R3 VCAM1 stem cell factor TRAIL R3 cortisol stem cell factor endothilin 1 NrCAM stem cell factor endothilin 1 Tenascin C stem cell factor endothilin 1 VCAM1 stem cell factor endothilin 1 cortisol stem cell factor NrCAM Tenascin C stem cell factor NrCAM VCAM1 stem cell factor NrCAM cortisol stem cell factor Tenascin C VCAM1 stem cell factor Tenascin C cortisol stem cell factor VCAM1 cortisol TNF RII AXL Eotaxin 3 TNF RII AXL FABP TNF RII AXL FGF basic TNF RII AXL myoglobin TNF RII AXL resistin TNF RII AXL TRAIL R3 TNF RII AXL endothilin 1 TNF RII AXL NrCAM TNF RII AXL Tenascin C TNF RII AXL VCAM1 TNF RII AXL cortisol TNF RII Eotaxin 3 FABP TNF RII Eotaxin 3 FGF basic TNF RII Eotaxin 3 myoglobin TNF RII Eotaxin 3 resistin TNF RII Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 NrCAM TNF RII Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C TNF RII Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 TNF RII Eotaxin 3 cortisol TNF RII FABP FGF basic TNF RII FABP myoglobin TNF RII FABP resistin TNF RII FABP TRAIL R3 TNF RII FABP endothilin 1 TNF RII FABP NrCAM TNF RII FABP Tenascin C TNF RII FABP VCAM1 TNF RII FABP cortisol TNF RII FGF basic myoglobin TNF RII FGF basic resistin TNF RII FGF basic TRAIL R3 TNF RII FGF basic endothilin 1 TNF RII FGF basic NrCAM TNF RII FGF basic Tenascin C TNF RII FGF basic VCAM1 TNF RII FGF basic cortisol TNF RII myoglobin resistin TNF RII myoglobin TRAIL R3 TNF RII myoglobin endothilin 1 TNF RII myoglobin NrCAM TNF RII myoglobin Tenascin C TNF RII myoglobin VCAM1 TNF RII myoglobin cortisol TNF RII resistin TRAIL R3 TNF RII resistin endothilin 1 TNF RII resistin NrCAM TNF RII resistin Tenascin C TNF RII resistin VCAM1 TNF RII resistin cortisol TNF RII TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 TNF RII TRAIL R3 NrCAM TNF RII TRAIL R3 Tenascin C TNF RII TRAIL R3 VCAM1 TNF RII TRAIL R3 cortisol TNF RII endothilin 1 NrCAM TNF RII endothilin 1 Tenascin C TNF RII endothilin 1 VCAM1 TNF RII endothilin 1 cortisol TNF RII NrCAM Tenascin C TNF RII NrCAM VCAM1 TNF RII NrCAM cortisol TNF RII Tenascin C VCAM1 TNF RII Tenascin C cortisol TNF RII VCAM1 cortisol AXL Eotaxin 3 FABP AXL Eotaxin 3 FGF basic AXL Eotaxin 3 myoglobin AXL Eotaxin 3 resistin AXL Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 AXL Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 AXL Eotaxin 3 NrCAM AXL Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C AXL Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 AXL Eotaxin 3 cortisol AXL FABP FGF basic AXL FABP myoglobin AXL FABP resistin AXL FABP TRAIL R3 AXL FABP endothilin 1 AXL FABP NrCAM AXL FABP Tenascin C AXL FABP VCAM1 AXL FABP cortisol AXL FGF basic myoglobin AXL FGF basic resistin AXL FGF basic TRAIL R3 AXL FGF basic endothilin 1 AXL FGF basic NrCAM AXL FGF basic Tenascin C AXL FGF basic VCAM1 AXL FGF basic cortisol AXL myoglobin resistin AXL myoglobin TRAIL R3 AXL myoglobin endothilin 1 AXL myoglobin NrCAM AXL myoglobin Tenascin C AXL myoglobin VCAM1 AXL myoglobin cortisol AXL resistin TRAIL R3 AXL resistin endothilin 1 AXL resistin NrCAM AXL resistin Tenascin C AXL resistin VCAM1 AXL resistin cortisol AXL TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 AXL TRAIL R3 NrCAM AXL TRAIL R3 Tenascin C AXL TRAIL R3 VCAM1 AXL TRAIL R3 cortisol AXL endothilin 1 NrCAM AXL endothilin 1 Tenascin C AXL endothilin 1 VCAM1 AXL endothilin 1 cortisol AXL NrCAM Tenascin C AXL NrCAM VCAM1 AXL NrCAM cortisol AXL Tenascin C VCAM1 AXL Tenascin C cortisol AXL VCAM1 cortisol Eotaxin 3 FABP FGF basic Eotaxin 3 FABP myoglobin Eotaxin 3 FABP resistin Eotaxin 3 FABP TRAIL R3 Eotaxin 3 FABP endothilin 1 Eotaxin 3 FABP NrCAM Eotaxin 3 FABP Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 FABP VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 FABP cortisol Eotaxin 3 FGF basic myoglobin Eotaxin 3 FGF basic resistin Eotaxin 3 FGF basic TRAIL R3 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic endothilin 1 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic NrCAM Eotaxin 3 FGF basic Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 FGF basic VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 FGF basic cortisol Eotaxin 3 myoglobin resistin Eotaxin 3 myoglobin TRAIL R3 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin endothilin 1 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin NrCAM Eotaxin 3 myoglobin Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 myoglobin VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 myoglobin cortisol Eotaxin 3 resistin TRAIL R3 Eotaxin 3 resistin endothilin 1 Eotaxin 3 resistin NrCAM Eotaxin 3 resistin Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 resistin VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 resistin cortisol Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 NrCAM Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 TRAIL R3 cortisol Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 NrCAM Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 endothilin 1 cortisol Eotaxin 3 NrCAM Tenascin C Eotaxin 3 NrCAM VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 NrCAM cortisol Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C VCAM1 Eotaxin 3 Tenascin C cortisol Eotaxin 3 VCAM1 cortisol FABP FGF basic myoglobin FABP FGF basic resistin FABP FGF basic TRAIL R3 FABP FGF basic endothilin 1 FABP FGF basic NrCAM FABP FGF basic Tenascin C FABP FGF basic VCAM1 FABP FGF basic cortisol FABP myoglobin resistin FABP myoglobin TRAIL R3 FABP myoglobin endothilin 1 FABP myoglobin NrCAM FABP myoglobin Tenascin C FABP myoglobin VCAM1 FABP myoglobin cortisol FABP resistin TRAIL R3 FABP resistin endothilin 1 FABP resistin NrCAM FABP resistin Tenascin C FABP resistin VCAM1 FABP resistin cortisol FABP TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 FABP TRAIL R3 NrCAM FABP TRAIL R3 Tenascin C FABP TRAIL R3 VCAM1 FABP TRAIL R3 cortisol FABP endothilin 1 NrCAM FABP endothilin 1 Tenascin C FABP endothilin 1 VCAM1 FABP endothilin 1 cortisol FABP NrCAM Tenascin C FABP NrCAM VCAM1 FABP NrCAM cortisol FABP Tenascin C VCAM1 FABP Tenascin C cortisol FABP VCAM1 cortisol FGF basic myoglobin resistin FGF basic myoglobin TRAIL R3 FGF basic myoglobin endothilin 1 FGF basic myoglobin NrCAM FGF basic myoglobin Tenascin C FGF basic myoglobin VCAM1 FGF basic myoglobin cortisol FGF basic resistin TRAIL R3 FGF basic resistin endothilin 1 FGF basic resistin NrCAM FGF basic resistin Tenascin C FGF basic resistin VCAM1 FGF basic resistin cortisol FGF basic TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 FGF basic TRAIL R3 NrCAM FGF basic TRAIL R3 Tenascin C FGF basic TRAIL R3 VCAM1 FGF basic TRAIL R3 cortisol FGF basic endothilin 1 NrCAM FGF basic endothilin 1 Tenascin C FGF basic endothilin 1 VCAM1 FGF basic endothilin 1 cortisol FGF basic NrCAM Tenascin C FGF basic NrCAM VCAM1 FGF basic NrCAM cortisol FGF basic Tenascin C VCAM1 FGF basic Tenascin C cortisol FGF basic VCAM1 cortisol myoglobin resistin TRAIL R3 myoglobin resistin endothilin 1 myoglobin resistin NrCAM myoglobin resistin Tenascin C myoglobin resistin VCAM1 myoglobin resistin cortisol myoglobin TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 myoglobin TRAIL R3 NrCAM myoglobin TRAIL R3 Tenascin C myoglobin TRAIL R3 VCAM1 myoglobin TRAIL R3 cortisol myoglobin endothilin 1 NrCAM myoglobin endothilin 1 Tenascin C myoglobin endothilin 1 VCAM1 myoglobin endothilin 1 cortisol myoglobin NrCAM Tenascin C myoglobin NrCAM VCAM1 myoglobin NrCAM cortisol myoglobin Tenascin C VCAM1 myoglobin Tenascin C cortisol myoglobin VCAM1 cortisol resistin TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 resistin TRAIL R3 NrCAM resistin TRAIL R3 Tenascin C resistin TRAIL R3 VCAM1 resistin TRAIL R3 cortisol resistin endothilin 1 NrCAM resistin endothilin 1 Tenascin C resistin endothilin 1 VCAM1 resistin endothilin 1 cortisol resistin NrCAM Tenascin C resistin NrCAM VCAM1 resistin NrCAM cortisol resistin Tenascin C VCAM1 resistin Tenascin C cortisol resistin VCAM1 cortisol TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 NrCAM TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 Tenascin C TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 VCAM1 TRAIL R3 endothilin 1 cortisol TRAIL R3 NrCAM Tenascin C TRAIL R3 NrCAM VCAM1 TRAIL R3 NrCAM cortisol TRAIL R3 Tenascin C VCAM1 TRAIL R3 Tenascin C cortisol TRAIL R3 VCAM1 cortisol endothilin 1 NrCAM Tenascin C endothilin 1 NrCAM VCAM1 endothilin 1 NrCAM cortisol endothilin 1 Tenascin C VCAM1 endothilin 1 Tenascin C cortisol endothilin 1 VCAM1 cortisol NrCAM Tenascin C VCAM1 NrCAM Tenascin C cortisol NrCAM VCAM1 cortisol Tenascin C VCAM1 cortisol

In one exemplary embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may include Beta 2 Microglobulin, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, Peptide YY, Stem Cell Factor, TNF RII, and VEGF. In another exemplary embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may include AXL, Beta 2 Microglobulin, CD40, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, IGF BP2, MMP3, Myoglobin, Resistin, Stem Cell Factor, TNF RII, TRAIL R3, and VEGF. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may include AXL, Beta 2 Microglobulin, BLC, CD40, Endothelin 1, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, IGF BP2, MMP3, Myoglobin, NrCAM, Peptide YY, Resistin, Stem Cell Factor, Tenascin C, TNF RII, TRAIL R3, VCAM 1, and VEGF. In still yet another exemplary embodiment, the combination of sample analytes may include Beta 2 Microglobulin, CD40, Cortisol, FGF.basic, Stem Cell Factor, TNF RII, and VEGF.

III. Test Sample

The method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining a renal disorder involves determining the presence of sample analytes in a test sample. A test sample, as defined herein, is an amount of bodily fluid taken from a mammal. Non-limiting examples of bodily fluids include urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, perspiration, tears, mucus, and tissue lysates. In an exemplary embodiment, the bodily fluid contained in the test sample is urine, plasma, or serum.

(a) Mammals

A mammal, as defined herein, is any organism that is a member of the class Mammalia. Non-limiting examples of mammals appropriate for the various embodiments may include humans, apes, monkeys, rats, mice, dogs, cats, pigs, and livestock including cattle and oxen. In an exemplary embodiment, the mammal is a human.

(b) Devices and Methods of Taking Bodily Fluids from Mammals

The bodily fluids of the test sample may be taken from the mammal using any known device or method so long as the analytes to be measured by the multiplexed assay are not rendered undetectable by the multiplexed assay. Non-limiting examples of devices or methods suitable for taking bodily fluid from a mammal include urine sample cups, urethral catheters, swabs, hypodermic needles, thin needle biopsies, hollow needle biopsies, punch biopsies, metabolic cages, and aspiration.

In order to adjust the expected concentrations of the sample analytes in the test sample to fall within the dynamic range of the multiplexed assay, the test sample may be diluted to reduce the concentration of the sample analytes prior to analysis. The degree of dilution may depend on a variety of factors including but not limited to the type of multiplexed assay used to measure the analytes, the reagents utilized in the multiplexed assay, and the type of bodily fluid contained in the test sample. In one embodiment, the test sample is diluted by adding a volume of diluent ranging from about ½ of the original test sample volume to about 50,000 times the original test sample volume.

In one exemplary embodiment, if the test sample is human urine and the multiplexed assay is an antibody-based capture-sandwich assay, the test sample is diluted by adding a volume of diluent that is about 100 times the original test sample volume prior to analysis. In another exemplary embodiment, if the test sample is human serum and the multiplexed assay is an antibody-based capture-sandwich assay, the test sample is diluted by adding a volume of diluent that is about 5 times the original test sample volume prior to analysis. In yet another exemplary embodiment, if the test sample is human plasma and the multiplexed assay is an antibody-based capture-sandwich assay, the test sample is diluted by adding a volume of diluent that is about 2,000 times the original test sample volume prior to analysis.

The diluent may be any fluid that does not interfere with the function of the multiplexed assay used to measure the concentration of the analytes in the test sample. Non-limiting examples of suitable diluents include deionized water, distilled water, saline solution, Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered saline solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, standard saline citrate, and HEPES-buffered saline.

IV. Multiplexed Assay Device

In one embodiment, the concentration of a combination of sample analytes is measured using a multiplexed assay device capable of measuring the concentrations of up to sixteen of the biomarker analytes. A multiplexed assay device, as defined herein, is an assay capable of simultaneously determining the concentration of three or more different sample analytes using a single device and/or method. Any known method of measuring the concentration of the biomarker analytes may be used for the multiplexed assay device. Non-limiting examples of measurement methods suitable for the multiplexed assay device may include electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, surface plasmon resonance and immunoassays including but not limited to western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, and particle-based capture-sandwich immunoassays.

(a) Multiplexed Immunoassay Device

In one embodiment, the concentrations of the analytes in the test sample are measured using a multiplexed immunoassay device that utilizes capture antibodies marked with indicators to determine the concentration of the sample analytes.

(i) Capture Antibodies

In the same embodiment, the multiplexed immunoassay device includes three or more capture antibodies. Capture antibodies, as defined herein, are antibodies in which the antigenic determinant is one of the biomarker analytes. Each of the at least three capture antibodies has a unique antigenic determinant that is one of the biomarker analytes. When contacted with the test sample, the capture antibodies form antigen-antibody complexes in which the analytes serve as antigens.

The term “antibody,” as used herein, encompasses a monoclonal ab, an antibody fragment, a chimeric antibody, and a single-chain antibody.

In some embodiments, the capture antibodies may be attached to a substrate in order to immobilize any analytes captured by the capture antibodies. Non-limiting examples of suitable substrates include paper, cellulose, glass, or plastic strips, beads, or surfaces, such as the inner surface of the well of a microtitration tray. Suitable beads may include polystyrene or latex microspheres.

(ii) Indicators

In one embodiment of the multiplexed immunoassay device, an indicator is attached to each of the three or more capture antibodies. The indicator, as defined herein, is any compound that registers a measurable change to indicate the presence of one of the sample analytes when bound to one of the capture antibodies. Non-limiting examples of indicators include visual indicators and electrochemical indicators.

Visual indicators, as defined herein, are compounds that register a change by reflecting a limited subset of the wavelengths of light illuminating the indicator, by fluorescing light after being illuminated, or by emitting light via chemiluminescence. The change registered by visual indicators may be in the visible light spectrum, in the infrared spectrum, or in the ultraviolet spectrum. Non-limiting examples of visual indicators suitable for the multiplexed immunoassay device include nanoparticulate gold, organic particles such as polyurethane or latex microspheres loaded with dye compounds, carbon black, fluorophores, phycoerythrin, radioactive isotopes, nanoparticles, quantum dots, and enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase that react with a chemical substrate to form a colored or chemiluminescent product.

Electrochemical indicators, as defined herein, are compounds that register a change by altering an electrical property. The changes registered by electrochemical indicators may be an alteration in conductivity, resistance, capacitance, current conducted in response to an applied voltage, or voltage required to achieve a desired current. Non-limiting examples of electrochemical indicators include redox species such as ascorbate (vitamin C), vitamin E, glutathione, polyphenols, catechols, quercetin, phytoestrogens, penicillin, carbazole, murranes, phenols, carbonyls, benzoates, and trace metal ions such as nickel, copper, cadmium, iron and mercury.

In this same embodiment, the test sample containing a combination of three or more sample analytes is contacted with the capture antibodies and allowed to form antigen-antibody complexes in which the sample analytes serve as the antigens. After removing any uncomplexed capture antibodies, the concentrations of the three or more analytes are determined by measuring the change registered by the indicators attached to the capture antibodies.

In one exemplary embodiment, the indicators are polyurethane or latex microspheres loaded with dye compounds and phycoerythrin.

(b) Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassay Device

In another embodiment, the multiplexed immunoassay device has a sandwich assay format. In this embodiment, the multiplexed sandwich immunoassay device includes three or more capture antibodies as previously described. However, in this embodiment, each of the capture antibodies is attached to a capture agent that includes an antigenic moiety. The antigenic moiety serves as the antigenic determinant of a detection antibody, also included in the multiplexed immunoassay device of this embodiment. In addition, an indicator is attached to the detection antibody.

In this same embodiment, the test sample is contacted with the capture antibodies and allowed to form antigen-antibody complexes in which the sample analytes serve as antigens. The detection antibodies are then contacted with the test sample and allowed to form antigen-antibody complexes in which the capture agent serves as the antigen for the detection antibody. After removing any uncomplexed detection antibodies the concentration of the analytes are determined by measuring the changes registered by the indicators attached to the detection antibodies.

(c) Multiplexing Approaches

In the various embodiments of the multiplexed immunoassay devices, the concentrations of each of the sample analytes may be determined using any approach known in the art. In one embodiment, a single indicator compound is attached to each of the three or more antibodies. In addition, each of the capture antibodies having one of the sample analytes as an antigenic determinant is physically separated into a distinct region so that the concentration of each of the sample analytes may be determined by measuring the changes registered by the indicators in each physically separate region corresponding to each of the sample analytes.

In another embodiment, each antibody having one of the sample analytes as an antigenic determinant is marked with a unique indicator. In this manner, a unique indicator is attached to each antibody having a single sample analyte as its antigenic determinant. In this embodiment, all antibodies may occupy the same physical space. The concentration of each sample analyte is determined by measuring the change registered by the unique indicator attached to the antibody having the sample analyte as an antigenic determinant.

(d) Microsphere-Based Capture-Sandwich Immunoassay Device

In an exemplary embodiment, the multiplexed immunoassay device is a microsphere-based capture-sandwich immunoassay device. In this embodiment, the device includes a mixture of three or more capture-antibody microspheres, in which each capture-antibody microsphere corresponds to one of the biomarker analytes. Each capture-antibody microsphere includes a plurality of capture antibodies attached to the outer surface of the microsphere. In this same embodiment, the antigenic determinant of all of the capture antibodies attached to one microsphere is the same biomarker analyte.

In this embodiment of the device, the microsphere is a small polystyrene or latex sphere that is loaded with an indicator that is a dye compound. The microsphere may be between about 3 μm and about 5 μm in diameter. Each capture-antibody microsphere corresponding to one of the biomarker analytes is loaded with the same indicator. In this manner, each capture-antibody microsphere corresponding to a biomarker analyte is uniquely color-coded.

In this same exemplary embodiment, the multiplexed immunoassay device further includes three or more biotinylated detection antibodies in which the antigenic determinant of each biotinylated detection antibody is one of the biomarker analytes. The device further includes a plurality of streptaviden proteins complexed with a reporter compound. A reporter compound, as defined herein, is an indicator selected to register a change that is distinguishable from the indicators used to mark the capture-antibody microspheres.

The concentrations of the sample analytes may be determined by contacting the test sample with a mixture of capture-antigen microspheres corresponding to each sample analyte to be measured. The sample analytes are allowed to form antigen-antibody complexes in which a sample analyte serves as an antigen and a capture antibody attached to the microsphere serves as an antibody. In this manner, the sample analytes are immobilized onto the capture-antigen microspheres. The biotinylated detection antibodies are then added to the test sample and allowed to form antigen-antibody complexes in which the analyte serves as the antigen and the biotinylated detection antibody serves as the antibody. The streptaviden-reporter complex is then added to the test sample and allowed to bind to the biotin moieties of the biotinylated detection antibodies. The antigen-capture microspheres may then be rinsed and filtered.

In this embodiment, the concentration of each analyte is determined by first measuring the change registered by the indicator compound embedded in the capture-antigen microsphere in order to identify the particular analyte. For each microsphere corresponding to one of the biomarker analytes, the quantity of analyte immobilized on the microsphere is determined by measuring the change registered by the reporter compound attached to the microsphere.

For example, the indicator embedded in the microspheres associated with one sample analyte may register an emission of orange light, and the reporter may register an emission of green light. In this example, a detector device may measure the intensity of orange light and green light separately. The measured intensity of the green light would determine the concentration of the analyte captured on the microsphere, and the intensity of the orange light would determine the specific analyte captured on the microsphere.

Any sensor device may be used to detect the changes registered by the indicators embedded in the microspheres and the changes registered by the reporter compound, so long as the sensor device is sufficiently sensitive to the changes registered by both indicator and reporter compound. Non-limiting examples of suitable sensor devices include spectrophotometers, photosensors, colorimeters, cyclic coulometry devices, and flow cytometers. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor device is a flow cytometer.

V. Method for Diagnosing, Monitoring, or Determining a Renal Disorder

In one embodiment, a method is provided for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder that includes providing a test sample, determining the concentration of a combination of three or more sample analytes, comparing the measured concentrations of the combination of sample analytes to the entries of a dataset, and identifying kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder based on the comparison between the concentrations of the sample analytes and the minimum diagnostic concentrations contained within each entry of the dataset.

(a) Diagnostic Dataset

In an embodiment, the concentrations of the sample analytes are compared to the entries of a dataset. In this embodiment, each entry of the dataset includes a combination of three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of a particular renal disorder. A minimum diagnostic concentration, as defined herein, is the concentration of an analyte that defines the limit between the concentration range corresponding to normal, healthy renal function and the concentration reflective of a particular renal disorder. In one embodiment, each minimum diagnostic concentration is the maximum concentration of the range of analyte concentrations for a healthy, normal individual. The minimum diagnostic concentration of an analyte depends on a number of factors including but not limited to the particular analyte and the type of bodily fluid contained in the test sample. As an illustrative example, Table 1 lists the expected normal ranges of the biomarker analytes in human plasma, serum, and urine.

TABLE 1 Normal Concentration Ranges In Human Plasma, Serum, and Urine Samples Plasma Sera Urine Analyte Units low high low high low high Calbindin ng/ml — <5.0 — <2.6 4.2 233 Clusterin μg/ml 86 134 37 152 — <0.089 CTGF ng/ml 2.8 7.5 — <8.2 — <0.90 GST-alpha ng/ml 6.7 62 1.2 52 — <26 KIM-1 ng/ml 0.053 0.57 — <0.35 0.023 0.67 VEGF pg/ml 222 855 219 1630 69 517 B2M μg/ml 0.68 2.2 1.00 2.6 <0.17 Cyst C ng/ml 608 1170 476 1250 3.9 79 NGAL ng/ml 89 375 102 822 2.9 81 OPN ng/ml 4.1 25 0.49 12 291 6130 TIMP-1 ng/ml 50 131 100 246 — <3.9 A1M μg/ml 6.2 16 5.7 17 — <4.2 THP μg/ml 0.0084 0.052 0.0079 0.053 0.39 2.6 TFF3 μg/ml 0.040 0.49 0.021 0.17 — <21 Creatinine mg/dL — — — — 13 212 Microalbumin μg/ml — — — — — >16

In one embodiment, the high values shown for each of the biomarker analytes in Table 1 for the analytic concentrations in human plasma, sera and urine are the minimum diagnostics values for the analytes in human plasma, sera, and urine, respectively. In one exemplary embodiment, the minimum diagnostic concentration in human plasma of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 16 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is about 2.2 μg/ml, calbindin is greater than about 5 ng/ml, clusterin is about 134 μg/ml, CTGF is about 16 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1170 ng/ml, GST-alpha is about 62 ng/ml, KIM-1 is about 0.57 ng/ml, NGAL is about 375 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 25 ng/ml, THP is about 0.052 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is about 131 ng/ml, TFF-3 is about 0.49 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 855 pg/ml.

In another exemplary embodiment, the minimum diagnostic concentration in human sera of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 17 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is about 2.6 μg/ml, calbindin is greater than about 2.6 ng/ml, clusterin is about 152 μg/ml, CTGF is greater than about 8.2 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1250 ng/ml, GST-alpha is about 52 ng/ml, KIM-1 is greater than about 0.35 ng/ml, NGAL is about 822 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 12 ng/ml, THP is about 0.053 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is about 246 ng/ml, TFF-3 is about 0.17 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 1630 pg/ml.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the minimum diagnostic concentration in human urine of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 233 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is greater than about 0.17 μg/ml, calbindin is about 233 ng/ml, clusterin is greater than about 0.089 μg/ml, CTGF is greater than about 0.90 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1170 ng/ml, GST-alpha is greater than about 26 ng/ml, KIM-1 is about 0.67 ng/ml, NGAL is about 81 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 6130 ng/ml, THP is about 2.6 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is greater than about 3.9 ng/ml, TFF-3 is greater than about 21 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 517 pg/ml.

In one embodiment, the minimum diagnostic concentrations represent the maximum level of analyte concentrations falling within an expected normal range. Kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder may be indicated if the concentration of an analyte is higher than the minimum diagnostic concentration for the analyte.

If diminished concentrations of a particular analyte are known to be associated with kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, the minimum diagnostic concentration may not be an appropriate diagnostic criterion for identifying kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder indicated by the sample analyte concentrations. In these cases, a maximum diagnostic concentration may define the limit between the expected normal concentration range for the analyte and a sample concentration reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. In those cases in which a maximum diagnostic concentration is the appropriate diagnostic criterion, sample concentrations that fall below a maximum diagnostic concentration may indicate kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder.

A critical feature of the method of the multiplexed analyte panel is that a combination of sample analyte concentrations may be used to diagnose kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. In addition to comparing subsets of the biomarker analyte concentrations to diagnostic criteria, the analytes may be algebraically combined and compared to corresponding diagnostic criteria. In one embodiment, two or more sample analyte concentrations may be added and/or subtracted to determine a combined analyte concentration. In another embodiment, two or more sample analyte concentrations may be multiplied and/or divided to determine a combined analyte concentration. To identify kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, the combined analyte concentration may be compared to a diagnostic criterion in which the corresponding minimum or maximum diagnostic concentrations are combined using the same algebraic operations used to determine the combined analyte concentration.

In yet another embodiment, the analyte concentration measured from a test sample containing one type of body fluid may be algebraically combined with an analyte concentration measured from a second test sample containing a second type of body fluid to determine a combined analyte concentration. For example, the ratio of urine calbindin to plasma calbindin may be determined and compared to a corresponding minimum diagnostic urine:plasma calbindin ratio to identify a particular renal disorder.

A variety of methods known in the art may be used to define the diagnostic criteria used to identify kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. In one embodiment, any sample concentration falling outside the expected normal range indicates kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. In another embodiment, the multiplexed analyte panel may be used to evaluate the analyte concentrations in test samples taken from a population of patients having kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder and compared to the normal expected analyte concentration ranges. In this same embodiment, any sample analyte concentrations that are significantly higher or lower than the expected normal concentration range may be used to define a minimum or maximum diagnostic concentration, respectively. A number of studies comparing the biomarker concentration ranges of a population of patients having a renal disorder to the corresponding analyte concentrations from a population of normal healthy subjects are described in the examples section below.

VI. Automated Method for Diagnosing, Monitoring, or Determining a Renal Disorder

In one embodiment, a system for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal is provided that includes a database to store a plurality of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder database entries, and a processing device that includes the modules of a kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder determining application. In this embodiment, the modules are executable by the processing device, and include an analyte input module, a comparison module, and an analysis module.

The analyte input module receives three or more sample analyte concentrations that include the biomarker analytes. In one embodiment, the sample analyte concentrations are entered as input by a user of the application. In another embodiment, the sample analyte concentrations are transmitted directly to the analyte input module by the sensor device used to measure the sample analyte concentration via a data cable, infrared signal, wireless connection or other methods of data transmission known in the art.

The comparison module compares each sample analyte concentration to an entry of a kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder database. Each entry of the kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder database includes a list of minimum diagnostic concentrations reflective of a particular type of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder. The entries of the kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder database may further contain additional minimum diagnostic concentrations to further define diagnostic criteria including but not limited to minimum diagnostic concentrations for additional types of bodily fluids, additional types of mammals, and severities of a particular kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder.

The analysis module determines a most likely kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder by combining the particular renal disorders identified by the comparison module for all of the sample analyte concentrations. In one embodiment, the most likely kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder is the particular type of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder from the database entry having the most minimum diagnostic concentrations that are less than the corresponding sample analyte concentrations. In another embodiment, the most likely type of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder is the particular renal disorder from the database entry having minimum diagnostic concentrations that are all less than the corresponding sample analyte concentrations. In yet other embodiments, the analysis module combines the sample analyte concentrations algebraically to calculate a combined sample analyte concentration that is compared to a combined minimum diagnostic concentration calculated from the corresponding minimum diagnostic criteria using the same algebraic operations. Other combinations of sample analyte concentrations from within the same test sample, or combinations of sample analyte concentrations from two or more different test samples containing two or more different bodily fluids may be used to determine a particular type of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in still other embodiments.

The system includes one or more processors and volatile and/or nonvolatile memory and can be embodied by or in one or more distributed or integrated components or systems. The system may include computer readable media (CRM) on which one or more algorithms, software, modules, data, and/or firmware is loaded and/or operates and/or which operates on the one or more processors to implement the systems and methods identified herein. The computer readable media may include volatile media, nonvolatile media, removable media, non-removable media, and/or other media or mediums that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computing device. For example, computer readable media may include computer storage media and communication media, including but not limited to computer readable media. Computer storage media further may include volatile, nonvolatile, removable, and/or non-removable media implemented in a method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data. Communication media may, for example, embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, algorithms, and/or other data, including but not limited to as or in a modulated data signal. The communication media may be embodied in a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and may include an information delivery method. The communication media may include wired and wireless connections and technologies and may be used to transmit and/or receive wired or wireless communications. Combinations and/or sub-combinations of the above and systems, components, modules, and methods and processes described herein may be made.

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate various iterations of the invention.

Example 1 Least Detectable Dose and Lower Limit of Quantitation of Assay for Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the least detectable doses (LDD) and lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of a variety of analytes associated with renal disorders, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF.

The concentrations of the analytes were measured using a capture-sandwich assay using antigen-specific antibodies. For each analyte, a range of standard sample dilutions ranging over about four orders of magnitude of analyte concentration were measured using the assay in order to obtain data used to construct a standard dose response curve. The dynamic range for each of the analytes, defined herein as the range of analyte concentrations measured to determine its dose response curve, is presented below.

To perform the assay, 5 μL of a diluted mixture of capture-antibody microspheres were mixed with 5 μL of blocker and 10 μL of pre-diluted standard sample in each of the wells of a hard-bottom microtiter plate. After incubating the hard-bottom plate for 1 hour, 10 μL of biotinylated detection antibody was added to each well, and then the hard-bottom plate was incubated for an additional hour. 10 μL of diluted streptavidin-phycoerythrin was added to each well and then the hard-bottom plate was incubated for another 60 minutes.

A filter-membrane microtiter plate was pre-wetted by adding 100 μL wash buffer, and then aspirated using a vacuum manifold device. The contents of the wells of the hard-bottom plate were then transferred to the corresponding wells of the filter-membrane plate. All wells of the hard-bottom plate were vacuum-aspirated and the contents were washed twice with 100 μL of wash buffer. After the second wash, 100 μL of wash buffer was added to each well, and then the washed microspheres were resuspended with thorough mixing. The plate was then analyzed using a Luminex 100 Analyzer (Luminex Corporation, Austin, Tex., USA). Dose response curves were constructed for each analyte by curve-fitting the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured from the assays of diluted standard samples containing a range of analyte concentrations.

The least detectable dose (LDD) was determined by adding three standard deviations to the average of the MFI signal measured for 20 replicate samples of blank standard solution (i.e. standard solution containing no analyte). The MFI signal was converted to an LDD concentration using the dose response curve and multiplied by a dilution factor of 2.

The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), defined herein as the point at which the coefficient of variation (CV) for the analyte measured in the standard samples was 30%, was determined by the analysis of the measurements of increasingly diluted standard samples. For each analyte, the standard solution was diluted by 2 fold for 8 dilutions. At each stage of dilution, samples were assayed in triplicate, and the CV of the analyte concentration at each dilution was calculated and plotted as a function of analyte concentration. The LLOQ was interpolated from this plot and multiplied by a dilution factor of 2.

The LDD and LLOQ results for each analyte are summarized in Table 2:

TABLE 2 LDD, LLOQ, and Dynamic Range of Analyte Assay Dynamic Range Analyte Units LDD LLOQ minimum maximum Calbindin ng/mL 1.1 3.1 0.516 2580 Clusterin ng/mL 2.4 2.3 0.676 3378 CTGF ng/mL 1.3 3.8 0.0794 400 GST-alpha ng/mL 1.4 3.6 0.24 1,200 KIM-1 ng/mL 0.016 0.028 0.00478 24 VEGF pg/mL 4.4 20 8.76 44,000 β-2 M μg/mL 0.012 0.018 0.0030 15 Cystatin C ng/mL 2.8 3.7 0.60 3,000 NGAL ng/mL 4.1 7.8 1.2 6,000 Osteopontin ng/mL 29 52 3.9 19,500 TIMP-1 ng/mL 0.71 1.1 0.073 365 A-1 M μg/mL 0.059 0.29 0.042 210 THP μg/mL 0.46 0.30 0.16 800 TFF-3 μg/mL 0.06 0.097 0.060 300

The results of this experiment characterized the least detectible dose and the lower limit of quantification for fourteen analytes associated with various renal disorders using a capture-sandwich assay.

Example 2 Precision of Assay for Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the precision of an assay used to measure the concentration of analytes associated with renal disorders, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF. For each analyte, three concentration levels of standard solution were measured in triplicate during three runs using the methods described in Example 1. The percent errors for each run at each concentration are presented in Table 3 for all of the analytes tested:

TABLE 3 Precision of Analyte Assay Average Run 1 Run 2 Run 2 Interrun concentration Error Error Error Error Analyte (ng/mL) (%) (%) (%) (%) Calbindin 4.0 6 2 6 13 36 5 3 2 7 281 1 6 0 3 Clusterin 4.4 4 9 2 6 39 5 1 6 8 229 1 3 0 2 CTGF 1.2 10 17 4 14 2.5 19 19 14 14 18 7 5 13 9 GST-alpha 3.9 14 7 5 10 16 13 7 10 11 42 1 16 6 8 KIM-1 0.035 2 0 5 13 0.32 4 5 2 8 2.9 0 5 7 4 VEGF 65 10 1 6 14 534 9 2 12 7 5,397 1 13 14 9 β-2 M 0.040 6 1 8 5 0.43 2 2 0 10 6.7 6 5 11 6 Cystatin C 10.5 4 1 7 13 49 0 0 3 9 424 2 6 2 5 NGAL 18.1 11 3 6 13 147 0 0 6 5 1,070 5 1 2 5 Osteopontin 44 1 10 2 11 523 9 9 9 7 8,930 4 10 1 10 TIMP-1 2.2 13 6 3 13 26 1 1 4 14 130 1 3 1 4 A-1 M 1.7 11 7 7 14 19 4 1 8 9 45 3 5 2 4 THP 9.4 3 10 11 11 15 3 7 8 6 37 4 5 0 5 TFF-3 0.3 13 3 11 12 4.2 5 8 5 7 1.2 3 7 0 13

The results of this experiment characterized the precision of a capture-sandwich assay for fourteen analytes associated with various renal disorders over a wide range of analyte concentrations. The precision of the assay varied between about 1% and about 15% error within a given run, and between about 5% and about 15% error between different runs. The percent errors summarized in Table 2 provide information concerning random error to be expected in an assay measurement caused by variations in technicians, measuring instruments, and times of measurement.

Example 3 Linearity of Assay for Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the linearity of an assay used to measure the concentration of analytes associated with renal disorders, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF. For each analyte, three concentration levels of standard solution were measured in triplicate during three runs using the methods described in Example 1. Linearity of the assay used to measure each analyte was determined by measuring the concentrations of standard samples that were serially-diluted throughout the assay range. The % recovery was calculated as observed vs. expected concentration based on the dose-response curve. The results of the linearity analysis are summarized in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Linearity of Analyte Assay Expected Observed Recovery Analyte Dilution concentration concentration (%) Calbindin 1:2 61 61 100 (ng/mL) 1:4 30 32 106 1:8 15 17 110 Clusterin 1:2 41 41 100 (ng/mL) 1:4 21 24 116 1:8 10 11 111 CTGF 1:2 1.7 1.7 100 (ng/mL) 1:4 0.84 1.0 124 1:8 0.42 0.51 122 GST-alpha 1:2 25 25 100 (ng/mL) 1:4 12 14 115 1:8 6.2 8.0 129 KIM-1 1:2 0.87 0.87 100 (ng/mL) 1:4 0.41 0.41 101 1:8 0.21 0.19 93 VEGF 1:2 2,525 2,525 100 (pg/mL) 1:4 1,263 1,340 106 1:8 631 686 109 β-2 M 1:100 0.63 0.63 100 (μg/mL) 1:200 0.31 0.34 106 1:400 0.16 0.17 107 Cystatin C 1:100 249 249 100 (ng/mL) 1:200 125 122 102 1:400 62 56 110 NGAL 1:100 1,435 1,435 100 (ng/mL) 1:200 718 775 108 1:400 359 369 103 Osteopontin 1:100 6,415 6,415 100 (ng/mL) 1:200 3,208 3,275 102 1:400 1,604 1,525 95 TIMP-1 1:100 35 35 100 (ng/mL) 1:200 18 18 100 1:400 8.8 8.8 100 A-1 M 1:2000 37 37 100 (μg/mL) 1:4000 18 18 99 1:8000 9.1 9.2 99 THP 1:2000 28 28 100 (μg/mL) 1:4000 14 14 96 1:8000 6.7 7.1 94 TFF-3 1:2000 8.8 8.8 100 (μg/mL) 1:4000 3.8 4.4 86 1:8000 1.9 2.2 86

The results of this experiment demonstrated reasonably linear responses of the sandwich-capture assay to variations in the concentrations of the analytes in the tested samples.

Example 4 Spike Recovery of Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the recovery of analytes spiked into urine, serum, and plasma samples by an assay used to measure the concentration of analytes associated with renal disorders, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF. For each analyte, three concentration levels of standard solution were spiked into known urine, serum, and plasma samples. Prior to analysis, all urine samples were diluted 1:2000 (sample:diluent), all plasma samples were diluted 1:5 (sample:diluent), and all serum samples were diluted 1:2000 (sample:diluent).

The concentrations of the analytes in the samples were measured using the methods described in Example 1. The average % recovery was calculated as the proportion of the measurement of analyte spiked into the urine, serum, or plasma sample (observed) to the measurement of analyte spiked into the standard solution (expected). The results of the spike recovery analysis are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Spike Recovery of Analyte Assay in Urine, Serum, and Plasma Samples Recovery in Recovery in Recovery in Spike Urine Serum Plasma Analyte Concentration Sample (%) Sample (%) Sample (%) Calbindin 66 76 82 83 (ng/mL) 35 91 77 71 18 80 82 73 average 82 80 76 Clusterin 80 72 73 75 (ng/mL) 37 70 66 72 20 90 73 70 average 77 70 72 CTGF 8.4 91 80 79 (ng/mL) 4.6 114 69 78 2.4 76 80 69 average 94 77 75 GST-alpha 27 75 84 80 (ng/mL) 15 90 75 81 7.1 82 84 72 average 83 81 78 KIM-1 0.63 87 80 83 (ng/mL) .029 119 74 80 0.14 117 80 78 average 107 78 80 VEGF 584 88 84 82 (pg/mL) 287 101 77 86 123 107 84 77 average 99 82 82 β-2 M 0.97 117 98 98 (μg/mL) 0.50 124 119 119 0.24 104 107 107 average 115 108 105 Cystatin C 183 138 80 103 (ng/mL) 90 136 97 103 40 120 97 118 average 131 91 108 NGAL 426 120 105 111 (ng/mL) 213 124 114 112 103 90 99 113 average 111 106 112 Osteopontin 1,245 204 124 68 (ng/mL) 636 153 112 69 302 66 103 67 average 108 113 68 TIMP-1 25 98 97 113 (ng/mL) 12 114 89 103 5.7 94 99 113 average 102 95 110 A-1 M 0.0028 100 101 79 (μg/mL) 0.0012 125 80 81 0.00060 118 101 82 Average 114 94 81 THP 0.0096 126 108 90 (μg/mL) 0.0047 131 93 91 0.0026 112 114 83 average 123 105 88 TFF-3 0.0038 105 114 97 (μg/mL) 0.0019 109 104 95 0.0010 102 118 93 average 105 112 95

The results of this experiment demonstrated that the sandwich-type assay is reasonably sensitive to the presence of all analytes measured, whether the analytes were measured in standard samples, urine samples, plasma samples, or serum samples.

Example 5 Matrix Interferences of Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the matrix interference of hemoglobin, bilirubin, and triglycerides spiked into standard samples, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF. For each analyte, three concentration levels of standard solution were spiked into known urine, serum, and plasma samples. Matrix interference was assessed by spiking hemoglobin, bilirubin, and triglyceride into standard analyte samples and measuring analyte concentrations using the methods described in Example 1. A % recovery was determined by calculating the ratio of the analyte concentration measured from the spiked sample (observed) divided by the analyte concentration measured form the standard sample (expected). The results of the matrix interference analysis are summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Matrix Interference of Hemoglobin, Bilirubin, and Triglyceride on the Measurement of Analytes Matrix Compound Maximum Spiked into Spike Overall Analyte Sample Concentration Recovery (%) Calbindin Hemoglobin 500 110 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 98 Triglyceride 500 117 Clusterin Hemoglobin 500 125 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 110 Triglyceride 500 85 CTGF Hemoglobin 500 91 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 88 Triglyceride 500 84 GST-alpha Hemoglobin 500 100 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 96 Triglyceride 500 96 KIM-1 Hemoglobin 500 108 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 117 Triglyceride 500 84 VEGF Hemoglobin 500 112 (mg/mL) Bilirubin 20 85 Triglyceride 500 114 β-2 M Hemoglobin 500 84 (μg/mL) Bilirubin 20 75 Triglyceride 500 104 Cystatin C Hemoglobin 500 91 (ng/mL) Bilirubin 20 102 Triglyceride 500 124 NGAL Hemoglobin 500 99 (ng/mL) Bilirubin 20 92 Triglyceride 500 106 Osteopontin Hemoglobin 500 83 (ng/mL) Bilirubin 20 86 Triglyceride 500 106 TIMP-1 Hemoglobin 500 87 (ng/mL) Bilirubin 20 86 Triglyceride 500 93 A-1 M Hemoglobin 500 103 (μg/mL) Bilirubin 20 110 Triglyceride 500 112 THP Hemoglobin 500 108 (μg/mL) Bilirubin 20 101 Triglyceride 500 121 TFF-3 Hemoglobin 500 101 (μg/mL) Bilirubin 20 101 Triglyceride 500 110

The results of this experiment demonstrated that hemoglobin, bilirubin, and triglycerides, three common compounds found in urine, plasma, and serum samples, did not significantly degrade the ability of the sandwich-capture assay to detect any of the analytes tested.

Example 6 Sample Stability of Analytes Associated with Renal Disorders

To assess the ability of analytes spiked into urine, serum, and plasma samples to tolerate freeze-thaw cycles, the following experiment was conducted. The analytes measured were alpha-1 microglobulin (A1M), beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, NGAL, osteopontin (OPN), THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, and VEGF. Each analyte was spiked into known urine, serum, and plasma samples at a known analyte concentration. The concentrations of the analytes in the samples were measured using the methods described in Example 1 after the initial addition of the analyte, and after one, two and three cycles of freezing and thawing. In addition, analyte concentrations in urine, serum and plasma samples were measured immediately after the addition of the analyte to the samples as well as after storage at room temperature for two hours and four hours, and after storage at 4° C. for 2 hours, four hours, and 24 hours.

The results of the freeze-thaw stability analysis are summarized in Table 7. The % recovery of each analyte was calculated as a percentage of the analyte measured in the sample prior to any freeze-thaw cycles.

TABLE 7 Freeze-Thaw Stability of the Analytes in Urine, Serum, and Plasma Period Urine Sample Serum Sample Plasma Sample and Recovery Recovery Recovery Analyte Temp Concentration (%) Concentration (%) Concentration (%) Calbindin Control 212 100 31 100 43 100 (ng/mL) 1X 221 104 30 96 41 94 2X 203 96 30 99 39 92 3X 234 110 30 97 40 93 Clusterin 0 315 100 232 100 187 100 (ng/mL) 1X 329 104 227 98 177 95 2X 341 108 240 103 175 94 3X 379 120 248 107 183 98 CTGF 0 6.7 100 1.5 100 1.2 100 (ng/mL) 1X 7.5 112 1.3 82 1.2 94 2X 6.8 101 1.4 90 1.2 100 3X 7.7 115 1.2 73 1.3 107 GST- 0 12 100 23 100 11 100 alpha 1X 13 104 24 105 11 101 (ng/mL) 2X 14 116 21 92 11 97 3X 14 111 23 100 12 108 KIM-1 0 1.7 100 0.24 100 0.24 100 (ng/mL) 1X 1.7 99 0.24 102 0.22 91 2X 1.7 99 0.22 94 0.19 78 3X 1.8 107 0.23 97 0.22 93 VEGF 0 1,530 100 1,245 100 674 100 (pg/mL) 1X 1,575 103 1,205 97 652 97 2X 1,570 103 1,140 92 612 91 3X 1,700 111 1,185 95 670 99 β-2 M 0 0.0070 100 1.2 100 15 100 (μg/mL) 1X 0.0073 104 1.1 93 14 109 2X 0.0076 108 1.2 103 15 104 3X 0.0076 108 1.1 97 13 116 Cystatin C 0 1,240 100 1,330 100 519 100 (ng/mL) 1X 1,280 103 1,470 111 584 113 2X 1,410 114 1,370 103 730 141 3X 1,420 115 1,380 104 589 113 NGAL 0 45 100 245 100 84 100 (ng/mL) 1X 46 102 179 114 94 112 2X 47 104 276 113 91 108 3X 47 104 278 113 91 109 Osteopontin 0 38 100 1.7 100 5.0 100 (ng/mL) 1X 42 110 1.8 102 5.5 110 2X 42 108 1.5 87 5.5 109 3X 42 110 1.3 77 5.4 107 TIMP-1 0 266 100 220 100 70 100 (ng/mL) 1X 265 100 220 10 75 108 2X 255 96 215 98 77 110 3X 295 111 228 104 76 109 A-1 M 0 14 100 26 100 4.5 100 (μg/mL) 1X 13 92 25 96 4.2 94 2X 15 107 25 96 4.3 97 3X 16 116 23 88 4.0 90 THP 0 4.6 100 31 100 9.2 100 (μg/mL) 1X 4.4 96 31 98 8.8 95 2X 5.0 110 31 100 9.2 100 3X 5.2 114 27 85 9.1 99 TFF-3 0 4.6 100 24 100 22 100 (μg/mL) 1X 4.4 96 23 98 22 103 2X 5.0 110 24 103 22 101 3X 5.2 114 19 82 22 102

The results of the short-term stability assessment are summarized in Table 8. The % recovery of each analyte was calculated as a percentage of the analyte measured in the sample prior to any short-term storage.

TABLE 8 Short-Term Stability of Analytes in Urine, Serum, and Plasma Storage Urine Sample Serum Sample Plasma Sample Time/ Sample Recovery Sample Recovery Sample Recovery Analyte Temp Conc. (%) Conc. (%) Conc. (%) Calbindin Control 226 100 33 100 7 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr/ 242 107 30 90 6.3 90 room temp 2 hr. @ 228 101 29 89 6.5 93 4° C. 4 hr @ 240 106 28 84 5.6 79 room temp 4 hr. @ 202 89 29 86 5.5 79 4° C. 24 hr. @ 199 88 26 78 7.1 101 4° C. Clusterin Control 185 100 224 100 171 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 173 94 237 106 180 105 room temp 2 hr. @ 146 79 225 100 171 100 4° C. 4 hr @ 166 89 214 96 160 94 room temp 4 hr. @ 157 85 198 88 143 84 4° C. 24 hr. @ 185 100 207 92 162 94 4° C. CTGF Control 1.9 100 8.8 100 1.2 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 1.9 99 6.7 76 1 83 room temp 2 hr. @ 1.8 96 8.1 92 1.1 89 4° C. 4 hr @ 2.1 113 5.6 64 1 84 room temp 4 hr. @ 1.7 91 6.4 74 0.9 78 4° C. 24 hr. @ 2.2 116 5.9 68 1.1 89 4° C. GST- Control 14 100 21 100 11 100 alpha 2 hr @ 11 75 23 107 11 103 (ng/mL) room temp 2 hr. @ 13 93 22 104 9.4 90 4° C. 4 hr @ 11 79 21 100 11 109 room temp 4 hr. @ 12 89 21 98 11 100 4° C. 24 hr. @ 13 90 22 103 14 129 4° C. KIM-1 Control 1.5 100 0.23 100 0.24 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 1.2 78 0.2 86 0.22 90 room temp 2 hr. @ 1.6 106 0.23 98 0.21 85 4° C. 4 hr @ 1.3 84 0.19 82 0.2 81 room temp 4 hr. @ 1.4 90 0.22 93 0.19 80 4° C. 24 hr. @ 1.1 76 0.18 76 0.23 94 4° C. VEGF Control 851 100 1215 100 670 100 (pg/mL) 2 hr @ 793 93 1055 87 622 93 room temp 2 hr. @ 700 82 1065 88 629 94 4° C. 4 hr @ 704 83 1007 83 566 84 room temp 4 hr. @ 618 73 1135 93 544 81 4° C. 24 hr. @ 653 77 1130 93 589 88 4° C. β-2 M Control 0.064 100 2.6 100 1.2 100 (μg/mL) 2 hr @ 0.062 97 2.4 92 1.1 93 room temp 2 hr. @ 0.058 91 2.2 85 1.2 94 4° C. 4 hr @ 0.064 101 2.2 83 1.2 94 room temp 4 hr. @ 0.057 90 2.2 85 1.2 98 4° C. 24 hr. @ 0.06 94 2.5 97 1.3 103 4° C. Cystatin C Control 52 100 819 100 476 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 50 96 837 102 466 98 room temp 2 hr. @ 44 84 884 108 547 115 4° C. 4 hr @ 49 93 829 101 498 105 room temp 4 hr. @ 46 88 883 108 513 108 4° C. 24 hr. @ 51 97 767 94 471 99 4° C. NGAL Control 857 100 302 100 93 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 888 104 287 95 96 104 room temp 2 hr. @ 923 108 275 91 92 100 4° C. 4 hr @ 861 101 269 89 88 95 room temp 4 hr. @ 842 98 283 94 94 101 4° C. 24 hr. @ 960 112 245 81 88 95 4° C. Osteopontin Control 2243 100 6.4 100 5.2 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 2240 100 6.8 107 5.9 114 room temp 2 hr. @ 2140 95 6.4 101 6.2 120 4° C. 4 hr @ 2227 99 6.9 108 5.8 111 room temp 4 hr. @ 2120 95 7.7 120 5.2 101 4° C. 24 hr. @ 2253 100 6.5 101 6 116 4° C. TIMP-1 Control 17 100 349 100 72 100 (ng/mL) 2 hr @ 17 98 311 89 70 98 room temp 2 hr. @ 16 94 311 89 68 95 4° C. 4 hr @ 17 97 306 88 68 95 room temp 4 hr. @ 16 93 329 94 74 103 4° C. 24 hr. @ 18 105 349 100 72 100 4° C. A-1 M Control 3.6 100 2.2 100 1 100 (μg/mL) 2 hr @ 3.5 95 2 92 1 105 room temp 2 hr. @ 3.4 92 2.1 97 0.99 99 4° C. 4 hr @ 3.2 88 2.2 101 0.99 96 room temp 4 hr. @ 3 82 2.2 99 0.97 98 4° C. 24 hr. @ 3 83 2.2 100 1 101 4° C. THP Control 1.2 100 34 100 2.1 100 (μg/mL) 2 hr @ 1.2 99 34 99 2 99 room temp 2 hr. @ 1.1 90 34 100 2 98 4° C. 4 hr @ 1.1 88 27 80 2 99 room temp 4 hr. @ 0.95 79 33 97 2 95 4° C. 24 hr. @ 0.91 76 33 98 2.4 116 4° C. TFF-3 Control 1230 100 188 100 2240 100 (μg/mL) 2 hr @ 1215 99 179 95 2200 98 room temp 2 hr. @ 1200 98 195 104 2263 101 4° C. 4 hr @ 1160 94 224 119 2097 94 room temp 4 hr. @ 1020 83 199 106 2317 103 4° C. 24 hr. @ 1030 84 229 122 1940 87 4° C.

The results of this experiment demonstrated that the analytes associated with renal disorders tested were suitably stable over several freeze/thaw cycles, and up to 24 hrs of storage at a temperature of 4° C.

Example 8 Analysis of the Statistical Importance of Proteins Associated with Kidney Transplant

To assess the statistical importance of the proteins associated with kidney transplant success, the following experiments were conducted. Six two-way comparisons were performed: TX vs. AR, TX vs. CAN, AR vs. CAN. TX vs. all other, AR vs. all other, and CAN vs. all other where TX=successful, non-rejected transplant, AR=acute rejection, and CAN=chronic allograft nephropathy. Two different sets of patient data were evaluated. Set characterics are in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Set 1 Set 2 total AR 25 20 45 CAN/IFTA 25 48 73 TX 18 3 21 acute dysfunction no rejection (ADNR) 0 47 47 68 118 186

In FIG. 1, samples were clustered to check for batch effects. A moderate batch effect was identified. Because robust statistics are used to identify proteins associated with status, there is no attempt to remove outliers. All protein levels are scaled to mean zero and variance one to equalize their units. The resulting sample dendrogram is shown in FIG. 1. The sample dendrogram shows evidence of a moderate batch effect since samples tend to cluster together with other samples from the same data set.

In FIGS. 3-8, the statistical association of protein levels with status is studied. The following proteins were found to be related to clinical status at the level of 0.01:

TABLE 10 Comparison Significant Proteins TX vs. AR Beta.2.Microglobulin, BLC, CD40, IGF.BP.2, MMP.3, Peptide.YY, Stem.Cell.Factor, TNF.RII, VEGF TX vs. CAN AXL, Beta.2.Microglobulin, CD40, Eotaxin.3, FABP, FGF.basic, IGF.BP.2, MMP.3, Myoglobin, Resistin, Stem.Cell.Factor, TNF.RII, TRAIL.R3, VEGF AR vs. CAN None TX vs. all Other AXL, Beta.2.Microglobulin, BLC, CD40, Endothelin.1, Eotaxin.3, FABP, FGF.basic, IGF.BP.2, MMP.3, Myoglobin, NrCAM, Peptide.YY, Resistin, Stem.Cell.Factor, Tenascin.C, TNF.RII, TRAIL.R3, VCAM.1, VEGF AR vs. all Other None CAN vs. all Other Beta.2.Microglobulin, CD40, Cortisol, FGF.basic, Stem.Cell.Factor, TNF.RII, VEGF

The necessary variables for calculation of protein significances were prepared and then the clinical traits for two-way comparisons were defined. One clinical trait is defined for each of the three comparisons TX vs. AR, TX vs. CAN, AR vs. CAN (in each case, the samples belonging to the third group are ignored), and for the comparisons TX vs. all others, AR vs. all others, and CAN vs. all others. The protein significances for each of the 6 “clinical traits” are checked to see how well they agree in the two data sets. The significance scatterplots are shown in FIG. 2. In the analysis of gene expression data it was found that subtracting several principal components from the full matrices of the expression data in Test and Validation sets improved the concordance of gene significance for status in the two data sets. Another reason to perform subtraction of principal components was that the histograms of association p-values exhibited anomalies suggesting that the data contained systematic bias(es) that may be removed by subtracting the first few principal components. No significant evidence of such anomalies in the protein data was found, however, and the concordance of protein significance in the Test and Validation data does not improve significantly upon subtracting principal components of the data. Hence, such a subtraction is not performed here.

For each protein and clinical trait, the following information is contained in FIGS. 10-45: correlation with the trait in set 1, correlation with the trait in set 2, the corresponding Z scores in sets 1 and 2, a combined (“meta-analysis”) Z score determined using the formula

$\begin{matrix} {{Z = \frac{Z_{1} + Z_{2}}{\left. \sqrt{}2 \right.}},} & (1) \end{matrix}$

p-values in set 1 and 2, and meta-analysis determined from the Z scores, and q-values in set 1, set 2, and meta-analysis determined from the corresponding p-values. The q-values are estimates of false discovery rate (FDR). All correlations reported in Table 10 are robust (that is, outlier resistant) biweight midcorrelations. The results are presented in graphical form in FIGS. 3-8.

Lastly, the statistical significance of the observed significant proteins was studied. For example, in the TX vs. AR comparison 9 proteins were found to be significant at the level of 0.01 or better in both data sets. Provided herein, in FIG. 9 are the p-values for the null hypothesis that the protein significances in the two data sets are not related and the 9 proteins were significant in both sets by chance. The p-values were calculated in the plotting code above and are contained in the variable pTable. FIG. 9 illustrates that most of the findings are highly significant.

The results of this experiment demonstrate that the three kidney transplant success options (AR, CAN, and TX) can be distinguished via a limited set of significant proteins differentially expressed between the three transplant option.

It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples above represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention. Those of skill in the art should, however, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, therefore all matter set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

1. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal; b. determining sample concentrations for sample analytes in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are microalbumin, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; c. comparing the combination of sample concentrations to a data set comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the data set comprises a list comprising three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, wherein each minimum diagnostic concentration comprises a maximum of a range of analyte concentrations for a healthy mammal; d. determining a matching entry of the dataset in which all minimum diagnostic concentrations are less than the corresponding sample concentrations; and, e. identifying an indicated disorder comprising the particular disorder of the matching entry.
 2. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal; b. determining a combination of sample concentrations for three or more sample analytes in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; c. comparing the combination of sample concentrations to a data set comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the data set comprises a list comprising three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, wherein each minimum diagnostic concentration comprises a maximum of a range of analyte concentrations for a healthy mammal; d. determining a matching entry of the dataset in which all minimum diagnostic concentrations are less than the corresponding sample concentrations; and, e. identifying an indicated disorder comprising the particular disorder of the matching entry.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, apes, monkeys, rats, mice, dogs, cats, pigs, and livestock including cattle and oxen.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the bodily fluid is selected from the group consisting of urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, and tissue lysates.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the minimum diagnostic concentration in human plasma of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 16 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is about 2.2 μg/ml, calbindin is greater than about 5 ng/ml, clusterin is about 134 μg/ml, CTGF is about 16 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1170 ng/ml, GST-alpha is about 62 ng/ml, KIM-1 is about 0.57 ng/ml, NGAL is about 375 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 25 ng/ml, THP is about 0.052 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is about 131 ng/ml, TFF-3 is about 0.49 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 855 pg/ml.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the minimum diagnostic concentration in human sera of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 17 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is about 2.6 μg/ml, calbindin is greater than about 2.6 ng/ml, clusterin is about 152 μg/ml, CTGF is greater than about 8.2 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1250 ng/ml, GST-alpha is about 52 ng/ml, KIM-1 is greater than about 0.35 ng/ml, NGAL is about 822 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 12 ng/ml, THP is about 0.053 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is about 246 ng/ml, TFF-3 is about 0.17 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 1630 pg/ml.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the minimum diagnostic concentration in human urine of alpha-1 microglobulin is about 233 μg/ml, beta-2 microglobulin is greater than about 0.17 μg/ml, calbindin is about 233 ng/ml, clusterin is greater than about 0.089 μg/ml, CTGF is greater than about 0.90 ng/ml, cystatin C is about 1170 ng/ml, GST-alpha is greater than about 26 ng/ml, KIM-1 is about 0.67 ng/ml, NGAL is about 81 ng/ml, osteopontin is about 6130 ng/ml, THP is about 2.6 μg/ml, TIMP-1 is greater than about 3.9 ng/ml, TFF-3 is greater than about 21 μg/ml, and VEGF is about 517 pg/ml.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein a combination of sample concentrations for six or more sample analytes in the test sample are determined.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein sample concentrations are determined for the analytes selected from the group consisting of BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is acute rejection.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is chronic allograft nephropathy.
 12. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal; b. determining the concentrations of three or more sample analytes in a panel of biomarkers in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; c. identifying diagnostic analytes in the test sample, wherein the diagnostic analytes are the sample analytes whose concentrations are statistically different from concentrations found in a control group of humans who do not suffer from kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder; d. comparing the combination of diagnostic analytes to a dataset comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the dataset comprises a combination of three or more diagnostic analytes reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder; and, e. identifying the particular disorder having the combination of diagnostic analytes that essentially match the combination of sample analytes.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, apes, monkeys, rats, mice, dogs, cats, pigs, and livestock including cattle and oxen.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the bodily fluid is selected from the group consisting of urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, and tissue lysates.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is acute rejection.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is chronic allograft nephropathy.
 17. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing an analyte concentration measurement device comprising three or more detection antibodies, wherein each detection antibody comprises an antibody coupled to an indicator, wherein the antigenic determinants of the antibodies are sample analytes associated with kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, and wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; b. providing a test sample comprising three or more sample analytes and a bodily fluid taken from the mammal; c. contacting the test sample with the detection antibodies and allowing the detection antibodies to bind to the sample analytes; d. determining the concentrations of the sample analytes by detecting the indicators of the detection antibodies bound to the sample analytes in the test sample; and, e. comparing the concentrations of each sample analyte to a corresponding minimum diagnostic concentration reflective of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the bodily fluid is selected from the group consisting of urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, and tissue lysates.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the analyte concentration measurement device comprises six or more detection antibodies.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the analyte concentration measurement device comprises sixteen detection antibodies.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein the sample analytes are selected from the group consisting of alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, cystatin C, KIM-1, THP, and TIMP-1.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is acute rejection.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the kidney transplant rejection is chronic allograft nephropathy.
 24. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal; b. determining sample concentrations for sample analytes in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are microalbumin, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; c. comparing the combination of sample concentrations to a data set comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the data set comprises a list comprising three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, wherein each minimum diagnostic concentration comprises a maximum of a range of analyte concentrations for a healthy mammal; d. determining a matching entry of the dataset in which all minimum diagnostic concentrations are less than the corresponding sample concentrations; and, e. identifying an indicated disorder comprising the particular disorder of the matching entry.
 25. A method for diagnosing, monitoring, or determining kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder in a mammal, the method comprising: a. providing a test sample comprising a sample of bodily fluid taken from the mammal; b. determining sample concentrations for sample analytes in the test sample, wherein the sample analytes are alpha-1 microglobulin, beta-2 microglobulin, calbindin, clusterin, CTGF, creatinine, cystatin C, GST-alpha, KIM-1, microalbumin, NGAL, osteopontin, THP, TIMP-1, TFF-3, VEGF, BLC, CD40, IGF BP2, MMP3, peptide YY, stem cell factor, TNF RII, AXL, Eotaxin 3, FABP, FGF basic, myoglobin, resistin, TRAIL R3, endothelin 1, NrCAM, Tenascin C, VCAM1, and cortisol; c. comparing the combination of sample concentrations to a data set comprising at least one entry, wherein each entry of the data set comprises a list comprising three or more minimum diagnostic concentrations indicative of kidney transplant rejection or an associated disorder, wherein each minimum diagnostic concentration comprises a maximum of a range of analyte concentrations for a healthy mammal; d. determining a matching entry of the dataset in which all minimum diagnostic concentrations are less than the corresponding sample concentrations; and, e. identifying an indicated disorder comprising the particular disorder of the matching entry. 